* Name of People – > Place of Work – Time/Data – Internet/Time/Subject/Internet Pioneers/Work/Life (Probability of this fact – Probabilidade deste fato)
Nanomedicina –> Texto que redigi. Nanomedicine –> Text I typed
LISTA DE NOMES – PEOPLE´S NAMES – E-MAIL LIST – LISTA DE E-MAILS-converted – People´s names who liked of the e-mail list I did in 2015 and sent a positive feedback to me by e-mail. Nome das pessoas que gostaram da lista de e-mails que fiz em 2015 e me enviaram um feedback positivo pra mim pelo e-mail.
List of people who gave me a positive feedback by e-mail about an excellent, detailed and very extensive e-mail list I did in 2015 from 20 Best Universities of the World. This e-mail list is more related to the Area of Biological Sciences. I sent it to a very big amount of excellent professors, scientists and/or researchers of Brazil and other countries of the world. A summary about this Project (e-mail list) was sent to them too. Very important information about the e-mail list I did in 2015: A little more than 32,000 e-mails of researchers, professors and/or scientists were cataloged by me. It was a very hard work, of course. Very Important Note: I did not earn any money with this project nor with this blog. The sharing of this blog is fundamental to the World Scientific Community and other people worldwide, of course. I sent this e-mail list to many people of the Scientific Community in Brazil and other countries. After a while, I send an other e-mail to so much people like American and Brazilian Govern, informing that I didn’t ask permission from each of them to put their e-mail on the e-mail lists I did. Note: To do it, of course, it would be necessary to send an e-mail with the objectives of the e-mail list to each person that I wanted to put the e-mail address in the e-mail list. It would be an extremely hard work, of course, and the e-mail list would be done so much later with the different number of people in the e-mail list because as many people know, each one has your own opinion and thoughts about a subject, for example. And the other hand, I did the e-mail lists in 2022 related to people who are linked to Excellent Research and Teaching Centers of the World without asking permission to each person to I know if I can put the e-mail address in the email lists or not. So, I send e-mail messages to them informing this blog that has a very big amount of relevant information and knowledge like websites, links, YouTube Videos, images, social networks and other types of technologies and and informing a very important note that I don´t earn any money from this blog. I also informed in the e-mail message to them that if she or he no longer wanted to receive my e-mails, he or she just reply me Unsubscribe. Comparing with the total number of e-mails cataloged by me in these new e-mail lists that I made in 2022 (I don’t know the number of e-mail addresses), a few people responded to me Unsubscribe by e-mail.
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It is very important the people worldwide live better and longer, more and more, by very efficient scientific researches and projects, resulting in new ideas to humanity like new platforms and websites to professors, students, researchers and/or scientists and/or other people worldwide, depending of the type and objectives of the inventions.
It´s fundamental the invention of new vaccines, drugs, therapeutic substances, medical devices and other types of prevention, diagnostic, prognostic and treatment methods. Unfortunately there are so much diseases and there are the rare diseases, unknown diseases and fatal diseases. The Scientific Discoveries is extremely important to the world people, for sure.
The Interaction between different Departments is very important, including the same types of Departments but from different Research Centers in different parts of the world in different aspects. However, projects on this subject will always be fundamental for national and global progress, for sure.
My intentions to do this e-mail list in 2015 and for sending it to many professors, scientists and/or researchers worldwide were and are always to contribute significantly to world progress, helping their work in anyway, in different situations, for example, to share ideas, research evidence, experiences and skills, not falling under data protection laws and fines, of course. Therefore, hitting the same key, coming back on the same subject, as many people know, the interactions among Academic Departments in different countries are very important to the world progress. So, these interactions among people need to be very efficient and faster, of course. It is very important the creation of very efficient platforms and websites to people who are linked to the Scientific Community, for sure.
I NEVER want to harm myself either financially and/or psychologically with this e-mail list I made in 2015. For example, a professor may not or would not like an e-mail sent to him by a person with whom I sent the e-mail list that I did in 2015 even not falling under Laws that are linked to the protection of data and fine.
A interação entre diferentes Departamentos de Centros de Pesquisa é muito importante, inclusive os mesmos tipos de Departamentos só que de diferentes Centros de Pesquisa nas mais diversas partes do mundo nos seus diferentes aspectos. Contudo, projetos sobre este assunto sempre serão fundamentais para o progresso nacional e mundial.
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´´The world people need to have very efficient researches and projects resulting in very innovative drugs, vaccines, therapeutical substances, medical devices and other technologies according to the age, the genetics and medical records of the person. So, the treatment, disgnosis and prognosis will be very efficient and better, of course´´. Rodrigo Nunes Cal
Mestrado – Dissertation – Tabelas, Figuras e Gráficos – Tables, Figures and Graphics
Impact_Fator-wise_Top100Science_Journals
CARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS
https://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/news/release/2019/stem-cell-therapy https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/fda-approved-drug-shows-promise-against-als-in-mice/
INDUÇÃO DE RESISTÊNCIA AO BENZONIDAZOL EM ISOLADOS HUMANOS DE TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI -> https://science1984.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/monografia-monography.pdf
http://slideplayer.com.br/slide/7306497/
Gratidão – Gratitude – Vídeo – Video: Convites p/ eu participar de eventos científicos muito importantes do mundo em pouco tempo – Gratitude: I am very grateful because I was invited by Internet through direct messages to participate in 55 very important science events in the world in 25 cities in less than 1 year.
– ´´My´´ Monograph: Induction of benzonidazole resistance in human isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi @ Inflammatory processes may play role in ALS – FDA-approved drug shows promise against the neurodegenerative disease in mice @ Stem Cell Therapy Helps Broken Hearts Heal in Unexpected Way – Study in Nature Sheds New Light on Heart Attack Treatment Controversy @ Virgina Niemi – Not just a gut feeling: Improving animal models of colorectal cancer @ TBT 10/8/19 – The Mouse Cancer from vaping – news roundup – Jerome Adams MD @ Anti-tumor immune therapy for colon cancer works in mice, says new study & Altogen Labs Hs746T Xenograft Service Gastric Cancer @ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monograph @ ´´A strain, in reference to rodents, is a group in which all members are as nearly as possible genetically identical. In laboratory mice, this is accomplished through inbreeding. By having this type of population, it is possible to conduct experiments on the roles of genes, or conduct experiments that exclude genetic variation as a factor.´´ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_mouse @ VERY IMPORTANT INFORMATION LIKE VIDEOS, SOCIAL NETWORKS, WEBSITES, LINKS AND IMAGES
– About ´´my´´ Dissertation – Graphics (p-values were calculated). There are relevant and innovative graphics in ´´my´´ monograph too @ EDITORIAL 20 MARCH 2019 – Nature 567, 283 (2019) – It’s time to talk about ditching statistical significance – Looking beyond a much used and abused measure would make science harder, but better. If researchers do discard statistical significance, what should they do instead? They can start by educating themselves about statistical misconceptions. Most important will be the courage to consider uncertainty from multiple angles in every study. Logic, background knowledge and experimental design should be considered alongside P values and similar metrics to reach a conclusion and decide on its certainty. Projects that have crowdsourced analyses of a data set to diverse teams suggest that this approach can work to validate findings and offer new insights. When working out which methods to use, researchers should also focus as much as possible on actual problems. People who will duel to the death over abstract theories on the best way to use statistics often agree on results when they are presented with concrete scenarios. @ Very Important Observations: 1. Cancer is very related to the weight loss of the patient. 2. Age and genetics of the person are very important factors that influence cancer. ´´The mouse is the main animal model used as the basis for research on diseases that affect humans.´´The genetics of the mouse is very similar to that of the human.´´ & Physicists Have Identified a Metal That Conducts Electricity But Not Heat @ Novo método detecta câncer de próstata por meio da urina @ Link about my Monograph – Links about ´´My´´ Dissertation @ Link about Animal Models Diseases like Cardiovascular Diseases @ https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00874-8
– Very Important Links of ´´My´´ Dissertation (Article: The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice – Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81.) and My Monograph – Induction of benzonidazole resistance in human isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi @ Note about my dissertartion: during anaerobic exercise it was necessary to briefly hold the tail of the mice for better physical performance and better adaptation to the submitted environment. In this same type of exercise, there were times when the mice could not exercise and sank, causing manual manipulation again. The physical wear of the animals was intense. @ EDITORIAL 20 MARCH 2019 – Nature 567, 283 (2019) ->´´It’s time to talk about ditching statistical significance – Looking beyond a much used and abused measure would make science harder, but better.´´Statistical significance is so deeply integrated into scientific practice and evaluation that extricating it would be painful. ´´Nature is not seeking to change how it considers statistical analysis in evaluation of papers at this time, but we encourage readers to share their views´´When working out which methods to use, researchers should also focus as much as possible on actual problems. People who will duel to the death over abstract theories on the best way to use statistics often agree on results when they are presented with concrete scenarios. Researchers should seek to analyse data in multiple ways to see whether different analyses converge on the same answer. In short, be sceptical, pick a good question, and try to answer it in many ways. It takes many numbers to get close to the truth.´´ @ Links about Animal Models Diseases like Cardiovascular Diseases
Do the downloads !!! Share!! Thanks!!
´´The world people need to have very efficient researches and projects resulting in very innovative drugs, vaccines, therapeutical substances, medical devices and other technologies according to the age, the genetics and medical records of the person. So, the treatment, disgnosis and prognosis will be very efficient and better, of course´´. Rodrigo Nunes Cal
Mestrado – Dissertation – Tabelas, Figuras e Gráficos – Tables, Figures and Graphics
Impact_Fator-wise_Top100Science_Journals
CARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS
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My Dissertation – Article: The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice – Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-8. https://science1984.wordpress.com/2019/08/02/in-my-dissertation-the-progression-of-lung-cancer-was-lower-in-the-group-of-mice-that-practiced-anaerobic-physical-activity-it-would-be-very-important-innovative-and-interesting-to-do-researches-in/
Link about my dissertation -> A influência da atividade física na progressão do câncer de pulmão experimental em camundongos: https://science1984.wordpress.com/2018/07/15/i-did-very-important-detailed-and-innovative-graphics-about-variations-of-all-mice-weigths-during-all-exerimental-time-my-dissertation-they-can-be-an-excelent-reference-for-future-researches-like-2/
Note about my dissertartion: during anaerobic exercise it was necessary to briefly hold the tail of the mice for better physical performance and better adaptation to the submitted environment. In this same type of exercise, there were times when the mice could not exercise and sank, causing manual manipulation again. The physical wear of the animals was intense.
Link of my monograph: Induction of benzonidazole resistance in human isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi – https://science1984.wordpress.com/2018/07/15/my-monography-chagas-disease-research-in-laboratory-2/ -> http://slideplayer.com.br/slide/7306497/
MY MONOGRAPH -> INDUÇÃO DE RESISTÊNCIA AO BENZONIDAZOL EM ISOLADOS HUMANOS DE TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI – https://science1984.files.wordpress.com/2018/03/monografia-monography.pdf
The graphics I did about the variations of all mice weights of different ages during all experimental time aren´t in the scientific article related to my dissertation nor in my dissertation as well as details about time of exercise and rest of the animals. These graphics and other informations can be an excellent reference for many types of researches like in the field of genetic engineering.
Note: During anaerobic exercise it was necessary to briefly hold the tail of the mice for better physical performance and better adaptation to the submitted environment. In this same type of exercise, there were times when the mice could not exercise and sank, causing manual manipulation again. The physical wear of the animals was intense.
Observação: Durante o exercício anaeróbio foi preciso segurar por pouco tempo a cauda dos camundongos para a aquisição de um melhor rendimento físico e uma melhor adaptação ao meio submetido. Neste mesmo tipo de exercício, houve momentos em que os camundongos não conseguiram ficar se exercitando e afundaram, fazendo com que houvesse a manipulação manual novamente. O desgaste físico dos animais foi intenso.
Very important observations:
- Cancer is very related to the weight loss of the patient. Weight loss of the patient is very associated with cancer – The syndrome of Anorexia-Cachexia (SAC) is a frequent complication in patients with advanced malignant neoplasia.
- Age, weight and genetics of the person are very important factors that influence cancer in a determined ways.
- The genetics of the mouse is very similar to that of the human.
- Maintaining proper body weight is one of the main ways to prevent cancer of a person.
- Animal testing has a very high importance to world society.
- The mouse is the main animal model used as the basis for research on diseases that affect humans.
- Weight lifting (bodybuilder) is a great example of anaerobic physical activity in humans.
The age of the mouse and the human being with the genetics influence in certain ways in pathophysiology in the humans and mice. So, mice researches are very important for the society as well as researches with humans.
It´s very important professors, students, scientists, researchers and other people worldwide know about my dissertation made at Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto because it was a very innovative and important research as well as my monograph (Chagas Disease research in laboratory at Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro -> Induction of benzonidazole resistance in human isolates of Trypanosoma cruzi). The data like graphics I made about variations of weights in all mice of different ages (Control Group -> treated with urethane and without physical activity and Study Group – Aerobic Group -> treated with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise – Anaerobic Group –> treated with urethane and subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight) during all experimental time [My dissertation -> Lung cancer research in mice – Article: The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice – Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81] are essential for the world scientific community.
In my dissertation the progression of lung cancer was lower in the group of mice that practiced anaerobic physical activity. It would be very innovative, important and interesting to do researches in mice and humans testing a substance or substances, analyzing the influences of ages, sex, genetics, weights and types of physical activities within the group itself and in the other groups in the inhibition and progression of cancer and in other situations in all experimental time, for example, and examining biochemical, pathological, pharmacological and physiological factors. In this context, it is essential to seek new methodologies for the treatment, prevention and early detection of cancer and other diseases, such as vaccines and other very modern technologies. It is fundamental to consider the significance of variants like weights, ages and genetics in relation to cancer. It is not easy to understand cancer in all aspects, of course. So, more researches about it are very necessary in the world.
It´s fundamental inform you the researches I participated. The world needs more efficient researches with high quality and precision. There are many laboratories that used mice to study pathologies and received very important financial investments. Many people won very important prizes because used mice in their researches.
I hope that researchers, professors, students, scientists and other people linked to scientific researches worldwide use the graphics I made about the variations of all mice weights during all experimental time of my dissertation as an example, model or reference for conducting scientific researches as well as other data from my monograph and dissertation, leading to very beneficial innovations in the methodologies bringing very important and relevant results to the world society, significantly increasing the human life time more and more.
List of people who gave me a positive feedback by e-mail about an excellent, detailed and very extensive e-mail list I did in 2015 from 20 Best Universities of the World. This e-mail list is more related to the Area of Biological Sciences. I sent it to a very big amount of excellent professors, scientists and/or researchers of Brazil and other countries of the world. A summary about this Project (e-mail list) was sent to them too. Very important information about the e-mail list I did in 2015: A little more than 32,000 e-mails of researchers, professors and/or scientists were cataloged by me. It was a very hard work, of course. Very Important Note: I did not earn any money with this project nor with this blog. The sharing of this blog is fundamental to the World Scientific Community and other people worldwide, of course. I sent this e-mail list to many people of the Scientific Community in Brazil and other countries. After a while, I send an other e-mail to so much people like American and Brazilian Govern, informing that I didn’t ask permission from each of them to put their e-mail on the e-mail lists I did. Note: To do it, of course, it would be necessary to send an e-mail with the objectives of the e-mail list to each person that I wanted to put the e-mail address in the e-mail list. It would be an extremely hard work, of course, and the e-mail list would be done so much later with the different number of people in the e-mail list because as many people know, each one has your own opinion and thoughts about a subject, for example. And the other hand, I did the e-mail lists in 2022 related to people who are linked to Excellent Research and Teaching Centers of the World without asking permission to each person to I know if I can put the e-mail address in the email lists or not. So, I send e-mail messages to them informing this blog that has a very big amount of relevant information and knowledge like websites, links, YouTube Videos, images, social networks and other types of technologies and and informing a very important note that I don´t earn any money from this blog. I also informed in the e-mail message to them that if she or he no longer wanted to receive my e-mails, he or she just reply me Unsubscribe. Comparing with the total number of e-mails cataloged by me in these new e-mail lists that I made in 2022 (I don’t know the number of e-mail addresses), a few people responded to me Unsubscribe by e-mail.
It is very important the people worldwide live better and longer, more and more, by very efficient scientific researches and projects, resulting in new ideas to humanity like new platforms and websites to professors, students, researchers and/or scientists and/or other people worldwide, depending of the type and objectives of the inventions.
It´s fundamental the invention of new vaccines, drugs, therapeutic substances, medical devices and other types of prevention, diagnostic, prognostic and treatment methods. Unfortunately there are so much diseases and there are the rare diseases, unknown diseases and fatal diseases. The Scientific Discoveries is extremely important to the world people, for sure.
The Interaction between different Departments is very important, including the same types of Departments but from different Research Centers in different parts of the world in different aspects. However, projects on this subject will always be fundamental for national and global progress, for sure.
My intentions to do this e-mail list in 2015 and for sending it to many professors, scientists and/or researchers worldwide were and are always to contribute significantly to world progress, helping their work in anyway, in different situations, for example, to share ideas, research evidence, experiences and skills, not falling under data protection laws and fines, of course. Therefore, hitting the same key, coming back on the same subject, as many people know, the interactions among Academic Departments in different countries are very important to the world progress. So, these interactions among people need to be very efficient and faster, of course. It is very important the creation of very efficient platforms and websites to people who are linked to the Scientific Community, for sure.
I NEVER want to harm myself either financially and/or psychologically with this e-mail list I made in 2015. For example, a professor may not or would not like an e-mail sent to him by a person with whom I sent the e-mail list that I did in 2015 even not falling under Laws that are linked to the protection of data and fine.
A interação entre diferentes Departamentos de Centros de Pesquisa é muito importante, inclusive os mesmos tipos de Departamentos só que de diferentes Centros de Pesquisa nas mais diversas partes do mundo nos seus diferentes aspectos. Contudo, projetos sobre este assunto sempre serão fundamentais para o progresso nacional e mundial.
Nanomedicina –> Texto que redigi. Nanomedicine –> Text I typed
LISTA DE NOMES – PEOPLE´S NAMES – E-MAIL LIST – LISTA DE E-MAILS-converted – People´s names who liked of the e-mail list I did in 2015 and sent a positive feedback to me by e-mail. Nome das pessoas que gostaram da lista de e-mails que fiz em 2015 e me enviaram um feedback positivo pra mim pelo e-mail.
Do the downloads !!! Share!! Thanks!!
´´The world people need to have very efficient researches and projects resulting in very innovative drugs, vaccines, therapeutical substances, medical devices and other technologies according to the age, the genetics and medical records of the person. So, the treatment, disgnosis and prognosis will be very efficient and better, of course´´. Rodrigo Nunes Cal
Mestrado – Dissertation – Tabelas, Figuras e Gráficos – Tables, Figures and Graphics
Impact_Fator-wise_Top100Science_Journals
CARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS
Very important observations: 1. Cancer is very related to the weight loss of the patient. 2. Age and genetics of the person are very important factors that influence cancer. ´´The mouse is the main animal model used as the basis for research on diseases that affect humans.´´The genetics of the mouse is very similar to that of the human.
The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice – Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22683274
Click to access slides-mestrado-final.pdf
-CARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS -DMBA CARCINOGEN IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
Click to access rodrigonunescal_dissert.pdf
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22683274
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0344033812001082
https://www.journals.elsevier.com/pathology-research-and-practice
https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/76406552_Rodrigo_Nunes_Cal
Details about time of exercise and rest of the animals.
The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice
Paceli RB1, Cal RN, dos Santos CH, Cordeiro JA, Neiva CM, Nagamine KK, Cury PM. -Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
ABSTRACT
Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.
RESUMO
Introdução: O câncer de pulmão é uma das neoplasias mais incidentes no mundo, sendo a principal causa de mortalidade por câncer. Muitos estudos epidemiológicos têm sugerido que a atividade física pode reduzir o risco do câncer de pulmão, outros trabalhos avaliaram a eficácia da utilização da atividade física na supressão, remissão e redução da recorrência de tumores. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da atividade física aeróbia e anaeróbia no desenvolvimento e na progressão do câncer de pulmão experimental. Material e Métodos: Os tumores de pulmão foram induzidos com uma dose de 3mg de uretana/kg, em 67 camundongos Balb-C, divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1 – 24 camundongos tratados com uretana e sem atividade física; Grupo 2 – 25 camundongos tratados com uretana e submetidos ao exercício aeróbio em natação; Grupo 3 – 18 camundongos tratados com uretana, submetidos ao exercício anaeróbio em natação com carga gradual de 5 a 20% do peso corporal. Todos os animais foram sacrificados após 20 semanas, e as lesões pulmonares foram analisadas. Resultados: A mediana do número de lesões (nódulos e hiperplasias) foi de 3,0 para o grupo 1, 2,0 para o grupo 2 e 1,5 para o grupo 3 (p = 0,052). Quando comparado apenas a presença ou ausência de lesão, houve uma diminuição no número de lesões no grupo 3 em comparação com o grupo 1 (p = 0,03), mas não em relação ao grupo 2. Não houve metástases ou outras alterações em outros órgãos. Conclusão: A atividade física anaeróbia, mas não a aeróbia, diminuiu a incidência dos tumores de pulmão experimental.
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Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice.
Paceli RB1, Cal RN, dos Santos CH, Cordeiro JA, Neiva CM, Nagamine KK, Cury PM.
Author information
1School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto – FAMERP, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Brazil.
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.PMID: 22683274 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006[Indexed for MEDLINE]
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Pathology – Research and Practice
Volume 208, Issue 7, 15 July 2012, Pages 377-381
Original articleThe influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice
Author links open overlay panelRenato BatistaPaceliacRodrigo NunesCalaCarlos Henrique Ferreirados SantoscJosé AntonioCordeirocCassiano MerussiNeivadKazuo KawanoNagaminebcPatrícia MalufCuryaShow morehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006Get rights and content
Summary
Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer.
Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3 mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5–20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed.
The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5–3 (p = 0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p = 0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs.
The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.
Keywords
Physical activityExperimental lung cancerAerobic exerciseAnaerobic exerciseCopyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
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Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice.
Paceli RB1, Cal RN, dos Santos CH, Cordeiro JA, Neiva CM, Nagamine KK, Cury PM.
Author information
1School of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto – FAMERP, Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Brazil.
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.PMID: 22683274 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006[Indexed for MEDLINE]
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Epub 2012 Jun 8.The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in miceRenato Batista Paceli 1, Rodrigo Nunes Cal, Carlos Henrique Ferreira dos Santos, José Antonio Cordeiro, Cassiano Merussi Neiva, Kazuo Kawano Nagamine, Patrícia Maluf CuryPMID: 22683274DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006Impact_Fator-wise_Top100Science_JournalsAdvertisement html, body, div, span, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, a, img { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; font-size: 100%; font: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; } body { line-height: 1; overflow: hidden; } h1, h3 { font-family: system-ui, “Segoe UI”, Roboto, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, “Apple Color Emoji”, “Segoe UI Emoji”, “Segoe UI Symbol”; font-style: normal; margin: 0; } h1 { color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.60); font-size: 12px; font-weight: 400; line-height: 125%; word-break: break-word; } h3 { color: #000; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; line-height: 135%; margin-top: 8px; word-break: break-word; } .vNJXbWGWlu { width: 100%; } .BXrvLBZGLU { border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); border-radius: 4px; padding: 12px; display: flex; flex-direction: column; box-sizing: border-box; overflow: hidden; margin: 0 auto; background-color: #fff; text-decoration: none; color: #000; } .BXrvLBZGLU:hover { cursor: pointer; } .ktFVecBkxc img { width: 100%; display: block; } .OgqUIMIjPw { display: flex; flex-direction: row; align-items: stretch; justify-content: center; margin-top: 16px; flex-grow: 1; } .dKPAohjDoM { display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; } .jxRaUQffPS { width: 42px; height: 42px; margin-left: 16px; align-self: center; } /* Mobile */ .mobile.vNJXbWGWlu .BXrvLBZGLU{ max-width: 350px; } .mobile .dKPAohjDoM { flex-grow: 1; } /* Tablet */ .tablet h1 { font-size: 13px; } .tablet h3 { font-size: 16px; } .tablet.vNJXbWGWlu .BXrvLBZGLU{ flex-direction: row; gap: 16px; justify-content: space-between; max-width: 550px; } .tablet .ktFVecBkxc img { width: 235px; height: 235px; } .tablet .OgqUIMIjPw { flex-direction: column; margin-top: 4px; flex-grow: 1; } .tablet .jxRaUQffPS { margin-top: 14px; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 0; align-self: normal; } /* Desktop */ .desktop h1 { font-size: 14px; } .desktop h3 { font-size: 18px; } .desktop.vNJXbWGWlu .BXrvLBZGLU{ max-width: 800px; flex-direction: row; gap: 24px; justify-content: space-between; } .desktop .ktFVecBkxc img { width: 136px; height: 136px; } .desktop .dKPAohjDoM { flex-grow: 1; } .desktop .OgqUIMIjPw { flex-direction: row; margin: 0; /* height: 128px;*/ flex-grow: 1; max-width: unset; } .desktop .jxRaUQffPS { margin-top: 0; margin-left: 24px; margin-bottom: 0; align-self: center; } Capture Stunning Moments Experience the power of the Sony ZV-1. Perfect for vloggers who demand exceptional video quality and ease of use. function fixSizes() { const el = document.getElementsByClassName(“vNJXbWGWlu”)[0]; const height = el.getBoundingClientRect().height; const maxWidth = getComputedStyle(document.getElementsByClassName(“BXrvLBZGLU”)[0]).maxWidth; window.parent.postMessage({ type: “wa-inline-frame”, action: “resize”, height: height, maxWidth: maxWidth }, “*”); const width = el.getBoundingClientRect().width; if(width ” style=”box-sizing: inherit; max-width: 100%; width: 568.875px; height: 261px; border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;”>GRUPO_AF1 – GROUP AFA1 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio PretoGRUPO AFAN 1 – GROUP AFAN1 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio PretoGRUPO_AF2 – GROUP AFA2 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio PretoGRUPO AFAN 2 – GROUP AFAN 2 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio PretoSlides – mestrado – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio PretoCARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAISDMBA CARCINOGEN IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELSAvaliação da influência da atividade física aeróbia e anaeróbia na progressão do câncer de pulmão experimental – Summary – Resumo – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Pretohttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22683274/AbstractLung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.´´A dissertation is a subject you chose for yourself. The first usage of the word in the English language in 1651 also gives a useful starting definition: “an extended written treatment of a subject”. 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Herein, … Read More ›CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›CitationsKartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.2255 Martin Avenue, Suite ESanta Clara, CA 95050-2709, US877-598-8122 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)408-969-0336animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services) Services■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice· Transgenic Mice· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats· Transgenic Rats■ Animal Model Supporting Services■ Molecular BiologyProducts· Stem Cells· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells· Primary Cells· Stem Cell Culture Media· Stem Cell Differentiation Media· Cell Cryopreservation Media· Primary Cell Culture MediaAbout Us· Citation· Promotions· Technical Bulletin· Distributors· Quote Request Form· Online SupportCopyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. 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It now recommends screening for potentially harmful BRCA1 and…Gary Churchill elected as AAAS Fellow The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) has elected Jackson Laboratory Professor Gary Churchill as an AAAS Fellow,…Teaching the Genome Generation – New England Teaching the Genome Generation™ is a one-week professional development short course for STEM teachers.David Anderson I am interested in the relationships between complex genetics, neurophysiology and behavior, particularly with a bent towards the…Andrew Deighan I am interested in how features – especially those phenotypes that are easily and reliably measured – change as an animal…Improving transgene research with split selectable markers JAX Assistant Professor Albert Cheng led a team to develop split selectable markers, a method that can indicate the successful integration…Patty Doyle I am interested in understanding the relationship between changes in cellular metabolism and cognitive decline in age-related conditions,…Carani Ashley Thammavongsa Working closely with Dr. Ching Lau and other research scientists in The Lau Lab to understand the biology of pediatric brain…Billing and Payment Genetics vs. genomics Genetics and genomics are different fields, but both are vital to advancing personalized medicine.How to prevent mouse breeding costs from destroying your research budget The time and expense of performing in-house breeding can take a toll on research timelines, budget, and mouse use numbers. Having your mice…Inheritance Patterns Common inheritance patterns of conditions with an underlying genetic componentGenetics for physician assistants Many PAs are already feeling the impact of genetics in practice, but lack adequate training to effectively apply genetic information and…CONTACTDONATESUBSCRIBEJAX HOMECAREERSPRIVACY POLICYTERMS OF USESEND FEEDBACKRESEARCH CENTERSMOUSE GENOME INFORMATICSMOUSE PHENOME DATABASELeading the search forTOMORROW’S CURES ©2019 THE JACKSON LABORATORY Choose other country or region China EARAEuropean Animal Research AssociationSkip to contentHOMEABOUT USNEWSCAMPAIGNSANIMAL RESEARCHADVOCACY GROUPSCONTACT USENGLISHContact UsEUROPEAN ANIMAL RESEARCH ASSOCIATIONAddress: Abbey House, 74-76 St John Street, London EC1M 4DZTel: +44 (0)20 3675 1245Email: info@eara.eu or fill out our Information FormFor press enquiries please contact:Communications & Media Manager, Bob TollidayEmail: btolliday@eara.euTel: +44 (0)20 3675 1238 or (m) +44 (0)77 1552 5535Communications Officer, Ana BarrosEmail: abarros@eara.euTel: +44 (0)20 3675 1245Last updated on 24/04/19Search for: ABOUT EARAThe European Animal Research Association (EARA) is a communications and advocacy organisation seeking to uphold the interests of biomedical research across Europe. 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We will resume normal business hours on Monday, December 2nd. ›Products Anesthesia Ventilation Physiological Monitoring Noninvasive Blood Pressure Bloghomeabout contactresources There are no items in your cart.View Products ›888-572-8887Innovative Research Solutions for Mice & RatsKent Scientific provides integrated, modular solutions for small animal pre-clinical research and drug discovery advancement.Select a system type or search our products to find the right Kent Scientific solution for your lab.AnesthesiaLearn MorePulse Oximetry and Heart RateLearn MoreNoninvasive Blood PressureLearn MoreAutomatic VentilationLearn MoreWarming and Temperature ControlLearn MoreEnd-Tidal CO2Learn MoreSomnoSuite®An innovative low-flow anesthesia system that is safe for you and safer for your animalsView the SomnoSuitePhysioSuite®A vital sign monitor configurable for ventilation, warming, pulse oximetry & CO2Build Your PhysioSuiteCODA HTA non-invasive, high throughput system for measuring blood pressureView CODA HTAdditional Featured ProductsMouseSTAT® Jr.CODA® MonitorRoVent® Jr.SurgiSuiteWhat’s NewProduct Updates:Far Infrared Warming Pad Controller10/12/2019Read MoreExperimental Biology 2020April 4 – 7, 2020: San Diego, CaliforniaSee Event DetailsKentConnectsThe Evolution of Neuroscience11/22/2019Read MoreKentGivesBackProudly supporting the research community through product giveaways, travel awards and the sponsorship of professional conferences, meetings and educational programs.Learn MoreAnesthesiaSomnoSuite®VetFlo™NebulizersVentilationRoVent®RoVent® Jr.IntubationPhysiological MonitoringPhysioSuite®MouseSTAT® Jr.TemperatureAccessoriesNoninvasive Blood PressureCODA® MonitorCODA® High Throughput SystemAccessoriesSurgerySurgiSuiteSurgical InstrumentsInstrument CleaningAccessoriesWarmingWater RecirculatorsWarming Pads & BlanketsRightTemp® Jr.Rodent IdentificationEar PunchesEar TagsRFID Transponder SystemAnimal HandlingAnimal HoldersClippersScalesSyringe PumpGenieTouch™HomeSite MapPrivacy PolicyOrdering InformationTerms & ConditionsTerms of UseEmail Signup›Kent Scientific Corporation1116 Litchfield StreetTorrington, CT 06790, USAToll Free: (888) 572-8887Local: (860) 626-1172Fax: (860) 626-1179Web Solutions© 2006 – 2019 Kent Scientific Corporation. All rights reserved. 0My Account Tel:877-598-8122 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)Community About Us Support Resources Cell Products and Services Animal Models Search by keyword/lot number/product nameSave up to 25%on all custom animal modelsTurboKnockout® MicecKO | cKI | LFKI | HumanizedPiggyBac TransgenicRats | Mice | Mouse EmbryosDesign Your ModelFREE Projects Strategies InstantlyStem Cells and ProductsHigh qualityPromotionsDiscount of the Decade EventOur Discount of the Decade Event can help you extend your research with big savings for custom model generation projects. If your research would benefit from generation of … Read More ›Grant Application Support LetterIf you are considering applying for a grant, reviewers will seek to understand the strategies used in generating any research models for your proposal. Cyagen’s model generation experts … Read More ›Stem Cells and Media – High Quality & ReliableCyagen offers high quality and reliable research-use cell products to researchers around the world. Until now, Cyagen’s products have been referenced in over 1,200 customer publications, cited by … Read More ›Cryopreservation & BreedingTake advantage of our Cryopreservation and Breeding services to save time, space and money. Read More ›ROSA26 Large Fragment KnockinWith highly competitive pricing, backed by a 100% money-back guarantee. Read More ›PiggyBAC TransgenicsGet your single copy transgenic mice in as little as 3 months. Read More ›Technical BulletinsThankful for You – New Testimonials for Cyagen’s Animal Serv…With the upcoming Thanksgiving Holiday in the US – Cyagen would like to thank you for everything you do to make the world a better place. Read More ›Differentiating the Biological Functions of Nestin with Tran…Since the identification of the intermediate filament (IF), nestin, it has been used as a marker for Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and commonly considered as a key component … Read More ›KO-First: A Tool for Studying Gene Function Across the Mamma…Since the early 2000s, large-scale knockout consortia have been established with the goal of generating a complete resource of reporter-tagged null mutations in C57BL/6 mouse ES cells. Herein, … Read More ›CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›CitationsKartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.2255 Martin Avenue, Suite ESanta Clara, CA 95050-2709, US877-598-8122 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)408-969-0336animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services) Services■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice· Transgenic Mice· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats· Transgenic Rats■ Animal Model Supporting Services■ Molecular BiologyProducts· Stem Cells· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells· Primary Cells· Stem Cell Culture Media· Stem Cell Differentiation Media· Cell Cryopreservation Media· Primary Cell Culture MediaAbout Us· Citation· Promotions· Technical Bulletin· Distributors· Quote Request Form· Online SupportCopyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.AboutContactCareersSite MapLegal InformationOnline ServiceKent Scientific is currently closed in observance of Thanksgiving. We will resume normal business hours on Monday, December 2nd. ›Products Anesthesia Ventilation Physiological Monitoring Noninvasive Blood Pressure Bloghomeabout contactresources search There are no items in your cart.View Products ›888-572-8887Contact UsOur product specialists are available to respond to your support inquiries during standard business hours (M-F 8:30 AM – 5:00 PM EST).Toll Free:(888) 572-8887Local:(860) 626-1172Fax:(860) 626-1179Sales SupportNeed help finding the right equipment for your lab setup? Our sales team can help with product details, configurations, and quotes.Get help with your purchaseTechnical SupportHave a technical issue with a Kent product? Our product specialists can provide expert technical support on operation, usage, and techniques.Contact our tech teamGeneral Inquiries We’re ready to assist you! Contact general support for all other questions about Kent products, including ordering and returns.Contact customer supportAnesthesiaSomnoSuite®VetFlo™NebulizersVentilationRoVent®RoVent® Jr.IntubationPhysiological MonitoringPhysioSuite®MouseSTAT® Jr.TemperatureAccessoriesNoninvasive Blood PressureCODA® MonitorCODA® High Throughput SystemAccessoriesSurgerySurgiSuiteSurgical InstrumentsInstrument CleaningAccessoriesWarmingWater RecirculatorsWarming Pads & BlanketsRightTemp® Jr.Rodent IdentificationEar PunchesEar TagsRFID Transponder SystemAnimal HandlingAnimal HoldersClippersScalesSyringe PumpGenieTouch™HomeSite MapPrivacy PolicyOrdering InformationTerms & ConditionsTerms of UseEmail Signup›Kent Scientific Corporation1116 Litchfield StreetTorrington, CT 06790, USAToll Free: (888) 572-8887Local: (860) 626-1172Fax: (860) 626-1179Web Solutions© 2006 – 2019 Kent Scientific Corporation. All rights reserved. 0My Account Tel:877-598-8122 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)Community About Us Support Resources Cell Products and Services Animal Models Search by keyword/lot number/product nameSave up to 25%on all custom animal modelsTurboKnockout® MicecKO | cKI | LFKI | HumanizedPiggyBac TransgenicRats | Mice | Mouse EmbryosDesign Your ModelFREE Projects Strategies InstantlyStem Cells and ProductsHigh qualityPromotionsDiscount of the Decade EventOur Discount of the Decade Event can help you extend your research with big savings for custom model generation projects. If your research would benefit from generation of … Read More ›Grant Application Support LetterIf you are considering applying for a grant, reviewers will seek to understand the strategies used in generating any research models for your proposal. Cyagen’s model generation experts … Read More ›Stem Cells and Media – High Quality & ReliableCyagen offers high quality and reliable research-use cell products to researchers around the world. Until now, Cyagen’s products have been referenced in over 1,200 customer publications, cited by … Read More ›Cryopreservation & BreedingTake advantage of our Cryopreservation and Breeding services to save time, space and money. Read More ›ROSA26 Large Fragment KnockinWith highly competitive pricing, backed by a 100% money-back guarantee. Read More ›PiggyBAC TransgenicsGet your single copy transgenic mice in as little as 3 months. Read More ›Technical BulletinsThankful for You – New Testimonials for Cyagen’s Animal Serv…With the upcoming Thanksgiving Holiday in the US – Cyagen would like to thank you for everything you do to make the world a better place. Read More ›Differentiating the Biological Functions of Nestin with Tran…Since the identification of the intermediate filament (IF), nestin, it has been used as a marker for Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and commonly considered as a key component … Read More ›KO-First: A Tool for Studying Gene Function Across the Mamma…Since the early 2000s, large-scale knockout consortia have been established with the goal of generating a complete resource of reporter-tagged null mutations in C57BL/6 mouse ES cells. Herein, … Read More ›CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›CitationsKartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.2255 Martin Avenue, Suite ESanta Clara, CA 95050-2709, US877-598-8122 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)408-969-0336animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services) Services■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice· Transgenic Mice· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats· Transgenic Rats■ Animal Model Supporting Services■ Molecular BiologyProducts· Stem Cells· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells· Primary Cells· Stem Cell Culture Media· Stem Cell Differentiation Media· Cell Cryopreservation Media· Primary Cell Culture MediaAbout Us· Citation· Promotions· Technical Bulletin· Distributors· Quote Request Form· Online SupportCopyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.AboutContactCareersSite MapLegal InformationOnline Service 0My Account Tel:877-598-8122 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)Community About Us Support Resources Cell Products and Services Animal Models Search by keyword/lot number/product nameSave up to 25%on all custom animal modelsTurboKnockout® MicecKO | cKI | LFKI | HumanizedPiggyBac TransgenicRats | Mice | Mouse EmbryosDesign Your ModelFREE Projects Strategies InstantlyStem Cells and ProductsHigh qualityPromotionsDiscount of the Decade EventOur Discount of the Decade Event can help you extend your research with big savings for custom model generation projects. If your research would benefit from generation of … Read More ›Grant Application Support LetterIf you are considering applying for a grant, reviewers will seek to understand the strategies used in generating any research models for your proposal. Cyagen’s model generation experts … Read More ›Stem Cells and Media – High Quality & ReliableCyagen offers high quality and reliable research-use cell products to researchers around the world. Until now, Cyagen’s products have been referenced in over 1,200 customer publications, cited by … Read More ›Cryopreservation & BreedingTake advantage of our Cryopreservation and Breeding services to save time, space and money. Read More ›ROSA26 Large Fragment KnockinWith highly competitive pricing, backed by a 100% money-back guarantee. Read More ›PiggyBAC TransgenicsGet your single copy transgenic mice in as little as 3 months. Read More ›Technical BulletinsThankful for You – New Testimonials for Cyagen’s Animal Serv…With the upcoming Thanksgiving Holiday in the US – Cyagen would like to thank you for everything you do to make the world a better place. Read More ›Differentiating the Biological Functions of Nestin with Tran…Since the identification of the intermediate filament (IF), nestin, it has been used as a marker for Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and commonly considered as a key component … Read More ›KO-First: A Tool for Studying Gene Function Across the Mamma…Since the early 2000s, large-scale knockout consortia have been established with the goal of generating a complete resource of reporter-tagged null mutations in C57BL/6 mouse ES cells. Herein, … Read More ›CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›CitationsKartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.2255 Martin Avenue, Suite ESanta Clara, CA 95050-2709, US877-598-8122 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)408-969-0336animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services) Services■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice· Transgenic Mice· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats· Transgenic Rats■ Animal Model Supporting Services■ Molecular BiologyProducts· Stem Cells· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells· Primary Cells· Stem Cell Culture Media· Stem Cell Differentiation Media· Cell Cryopreservation Media· Primary Cell Culture MediaAbout Us· Citation· Promotions· Technical Bulletin· Distributors· Quote Request Form· Online SupportCopyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.AboutContactCareersSite MapLegal InformationOnline Service 0My Account Tel:877-598-8122 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)Community About Us Support Resources Cell Products and Services Animal Models Search by keyword/lot number/product nameSave up to 25%on all custom animal modelsTurboKnockout® MicecKO | cKI | LFKI | HumanizedPiggyBac TransgenicRats | Mice | Mouse EmbryosDesign Your ModelFREE Projects Strategies InstantlyStem Cells and ProductsHigh qualityPromotionsDiscount of the Decade EventOur Discount of the Decade Event can help you extend your research with big savings for custom model generation projects. If your research would benefit from generation of … Read More ›Grant Application Support LetterIf you are considering applying for a grant, reviewers will seek to understand the strategies used in generating any research models for your proposal. Cyagen’s model generation experts … Read More ›Stem Cells and Media – High Quality & ReliableCyagen offers high quality and reliable research-use cell products to researchers around the world. Until now, Cyagen’s products have been referenced in over 1,200 customer publications, cited by … Read More ›Cryopreservation & BreedingTake advantage of our Cryopreservation and Breeding services to save time, space and money. Read More ›ROSA26 Large Fragment KnockinWith highly competitive pricing, backed by a 100% money-back guarantee. Read More ›PiggyBAC TransgenicsGet your single copy transgenic mice in as little as 3 months. Read More ›Technical BulletinsThankful for You – New Testimonials for Cyagen’s Animal Serv…With the upcoming Thanksgiving Holiday in the US – Cyagen would like to thank you for everything you do to make the world a better place. Read More ›Differentiating the Biological Functions of Nestin with Tran…Since the identification of the intermediate filament (IF), nestin, it has been used as a marker for Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and commonly considered as a key component … Read More ›KO-First: A Tool for Studying Gene Function Across the Mamma…Since the early 2000s, large-scale knockout consortia have been established with the goal of generating a complete resource of reporter-tagged null mutations in C57BL/6 mouse ES cells. Herein, … Read More ›CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›CitationsKartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.2255 Martin Avenue, Suite ESanta Clara, CA 95050-2709, US877-598-8122 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)408-969-0336animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services) Services■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice· Transgenic Mice· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats· Transgenic Rats■ Animal Model Supporting Services■ Molecular BiologyProducts· Stem Cells· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells· Primary Cells· Stem Cell Culture Media· Stem Cell Differentiation Media· Cell Cryopreservation Media· Primary Cell Culture MediaAbout Us· Citation· Promotions· Technical Bulletin· Distributors· Quote Request Form· Online SupportCopyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.AboutContactCareersSite MapLegal InformationOnline ServiceAcknowledgement: AlphaKnockout is made possible by utilizing the computing power of Milkyway-2 of National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou, the super machine rated by TOP500 ranking as the top 1/top 2 world’s most powerful computer for the past 4 consecutive years.Search Mouse (Mus musculus) Rat (Rattus norvegicus) KO (CRISPR/Cas 9) cKO (CRISPR/Cas 9) cKO (ES) for SearchCopyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved. 备案号和版权所有: 粤ICP备17037667号-1Skip to Main contentJournals & Books RegisterSign inMouse ModelMouse models can be considered as the starting point for investigating a certain basic principle, without having an aim to translate it into humans, just like other non-human models such as yeast, fruit fly or zebrafish, depending on the nature of the question in study: for example, studying the mechanism of heat shock proteins in the antigen presentation process or understanding the survival mechanism of the gut nematode against the host immune response.From: The Laboratory Mouse (Second Edition), 2012Related terms:CytokineAntibodyProteinInflammationNeoplasmPathogenesisDNATransgenic MouseKnockout MouseView all TopicsDownload as PDFSet alertAbout this pageMouse ModelsSiân E. Piret, Rajesh V. Thakker, in Genetics of Bone Biology and Skeletal Disease, 2013II Methods for Generating Mouse ModelsNon-Targeted StrategiesSpontaneous mutations in mice may result in benign phenotypes such as variable coat colors, or in disorders that have similarities to diseases in humans, e.g. the hypophosphatamia (Hyp) mouse, which is representative of X-linked hypophosphatemia in humans.52 Such spontaneous mutations occur at very low frequencies, thus several techniques that increase the rate of mutation induction in the mouse genome by either non-targeted (random) or targeted strategies have been developed (see Tables 13.1 and 13.2). An early example of non-targeted mutagenesis is provided by irradiation, which generated the Gy mouse, a second model for X-linked hypophosphatemia.52 More recently, chemical mutagens have been used in large-scale mutagenesis programs. Successful agents include isopropyl methane sulfonate (iPMS) used to generate the Nuf mouse model with an activating calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutation, and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) used to generate a mouse model for osteogenesis imperfecta with a collagen 1 alpha 1 (COL1A1) mutation. ENU, which is an alkylating agent that primarily introduces point mutations via transfer of the ENU alkyl group to the DNA base followed by mispairing and subsequent basepair substitution during the next round of DNA replication (Figure 13.1A), is the most potent mutagen in mice.14 Intraperitoneal injections of ENU to male mice generate approximately one mutation per 1–1.5 Mbp of sperm DNA,14 which allows the mutations to be inherited (Figure 13.1B). ENU mutagenesis programs utilize two complementary approaches, which are phenotype-driven and genotype-driven screens. In phenotype-driven screens, the offspring of mutagenized mice are assessed for phenotypic variances, using a panel of morphological, biochemical, or behavioral tests, in a “hypothesis-generating” strategy, which aims to elucidate new genes, pathways and mechanisms for a disease phenotype14 (Figure 13.1B). By establishing appropriate matings, phenotype-driven screens can be used to identify dominant or recessive phenotypes. Genotype-driven screens, in which mutations in a gene of interest are sought, are “hypothesis-driven” and are feasible by using available parallel archives of DNA and sperm samples from mutagenized male mice (Figure 13.1B). Archived DNA samples from the mutagenized male mice are used to search for mutations in the gene of interest, and once mutations are identified in the mouse DNA, then the corresponding sperm sample for the male mouse harboring the mutation is used to establish progeny carrying the mutation by in vitro fertilization.14 It is estimated that the probability of finding three or more mutant alleles in an archive of >5000 DNA samples is >90%.53 Thus, the gene-driven approach can be used to generate an “allelic series” of mutations within one gene, which may yield insights into genotype–phenotype correlations in the gene and disease of interest.54ENU mutations most frequently result in missense mutations (>80%) that may generate hypo- and hypermorphs, although occasionally nonsense or frame-shift mutations (http://www.gmail.com http://www.yahoo.com http://www.youtube.com http://www.google.com http://www.time.com http://www.nasdaq.com http://www.exame.com http://www.forbes.com http://www.twitter.com http://www.linkedin.com http://www.facebook.com http://www.facebook.com/scientificblog http://www.instagram.com http://www.wordpress.com http://www.abc.com http://www.reuters.com http://www.bloomberg.com http://www.cnn.com http://www.bbc.com http://www.ft.com http://www.nyt.com http://www.nih.gov http://www.wsj.com http://www.cdc.gov http://www.pfizer.com http://www.fda.gov http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.ucla.edu http://www.stanford.edu http://www.darpa.mil http://www.fbi.gov http://www.cia.gov http://www.usa.gov http://www.whitehouse.gov http://www.nature.com http://www.nejm.com http://www.nobelprize.org https://www.washingtonpost.com/ http://www.wellsfargo.com http://www.stripe.com http://www.harvard.edu http://www.mit.edu http://www.nasa.gov http://www.yale.edu http://www.columbia.edu http://www.duke.edu http://www.caltech.edu http://www.kurzweilai.net https://web.whatsapp.com/ http://www.timeshighereducation.com http://www.cornell.edu http://www.nyu.edu
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Pathol Res Pract. 2012 Jul 15;208(7):377-81. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006. Epub 2012 Jun 8.
The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice
Renato Batista Paceli 1, Rodrigo Nunes Cal, Carlos Henrique Ferreira dos Santos, José Antonio Cordeiro, Cassiano Merussi Neiva, Kazuo Kawano Nagamine, Patrícia Maluf Cury
PMID: 22683274
DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006
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GRUPO_AF1 – GROUP AFA1 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO AFAN 1 – GROUP AFAN1 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO_AF2 – GROUP AFA2 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO AFAN 2 – GROUP AFAN 2 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
Slides – mestrado – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
CARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS
DMBA CARCINOGEN IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
Avaliação da influência da atividade física aeróbia e anaeróbia na progressão do câncer de pulmão experimental – Summary – Resumo – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22683274/
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
´´A dissertation is a subject you chose for yourself. The first usage of the word in the English language in 1651 also gives a useful starting definition: “an extended written treatment of a subject”. Another useful clue is found in the Latin origin of the word – dissertation comes from a Latin word ‘dissertare’ = ‘to debate’. ´´ @
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Kartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)
CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)
Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)
Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)
Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)
Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)
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Since the identification of the intermediate filament (IF), nestin, it has been used as a marker for Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and commonly considered as a key component … Read More ›
KO-First: A Tool for Studying Gene Function Across the Mamma…
Since the early 2000s, large-scale knockout consortia have been established with the goal of generating a complete resource of reporter-tagged null mutations in C57BL/6 mouse ES cells. Herein, … Read More ›
CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …
As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›
RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…
Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›
Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …
Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›
Citations
Kartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)
CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)
Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)
Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)
Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)
Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)
Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.
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Discount of the Decade EventOur Discount of the Decade Event can help you extend your research with big savings for custom model generation projects. If your research would benefit from generation of … Read More ›
Grant Application Support LetterIf you are considering applying for a grant, reviewers will seek to understand the strategies used in generating any research models for your proposal. Cyagen’s model generation experts … Read More ›
Stem Cells and Media – High Quality & ReliableCyagen offers high quality and reliable research-use cell products to researchers around the world. Until now, Cyagen’s products have been referenced in over 1,200 customer publications, cited by … Read More ›
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Thankful for You – New Testimonials for Cyagen’s Animal Serv…
With the upcoming Thanksgiving Holiday in the US – Cyagen would like to thank you for everything you do to make the world a better place. Read More ›
Differentiating the Biological Functions of Nestin with Tran…
Since the identification of the intermediate filament (IF), nestin, it has been used as a marker for Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and commonly considered as a key component … Read More ›
KO-First: A Tool for Studying Gene Function Across the Mamma…
Since the early 2000s, large-scale knockout consortia have been established with the goal of generating a complete resource of reporter-tagged null mutations in C57BL/6 mouse ES cells. Herein, … Read More ›
CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …
As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›
RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…
Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›
Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …
Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›
Citations
Kartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)
CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)
Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)
Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)
Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)
Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)
Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.
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Save up to 25%on all custom animal modelsTurboKnockout® MicecKO | cKI | LFKI | HumanizedPiggyBac TransgenicRats | Mice | Mouse EmbryosDesign Your ModelFREE Projects Strategies InstantlyStem Cells and ProductsHigh qualityPromotions
Discount of the Decade EventOur Discount of the Decade Event can help you extend your research with big savings for custom model generation projects. If your research would benefit from generation of … Read More ›
Grant Application Support LetterIf you are considering applying for a grant, reviewers will seek to understand the strategies used in generating any research models for your proposal. Cyagen’s model generation experts … Read More ›
Stem Cells and Media – High Quality & ReliableCyagen offers high quality and reliable research-use cell products to researchers around the world. Until now, Cyagen’s products have been referenced in over 1,200 customer publications, cited by … Read More ›
Cryopreservation & BreedingTake advantage of our Cryopreservation and Breeding services to save time, space and money. Read More ›
ROSA26 Large Fragment KnockinWith highly competitive pricing, backed by a 100% money-back guarantee. Read More ›
PiggyBAC TransgenicsGet your single copy transgenic mice in as little as 3 months. Read More ›
Technical Bulletins
Thankful for You – New Testimonials for Cyagen’s Animal Serv…
With the upcoming Thanksgiving Holiday in the US – Cyagen would like to thank you for everything you do to make the world a better place. Read More ›
Differentiating the Biological Functions of Nestin with Tran…
Since the identification of the intermediate filament (IF), nestin, it has been used as a marker for Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and commonly considered as a key component … Read More ›
KO-First: A Tool for Studying Gene Function Across the Mamma…
Since the early 2000s, large-scale knockout consortia have been established with the goal of generating a complete resource of reporter-tagged null mutations in C57BL/6 mouse ES cells. Herein, … Read More ›
CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …
As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›
RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…
Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›
Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …
Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›
Citations
Kartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)
CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)
Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)
Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)
Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)
Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)
Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.
2255 Martin Avenue, Suite E
Santa Clara, CA 95050-2709, US
877-598-8122 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)
408-969-0336
animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Services
■ Animal Model Genaration
· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)
· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice
· Transgenic Mice
· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats
· Transgenic Rats
■ Animal Model Supporting Services
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Tel:877-598-8122 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
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Save up to 25%on all custom animal modelsTurboKnockout® MicecKO | cKI | LFKI | HumanizedPiggyBac TransgenicRats | Mice | Mouse EmbryosDesign Your ModelFREE Projects Strategies InstantlyStem Cells and ProductsHigh qualityPromotions
Discount of the Decade EventOur Discount of the Decade Event can help you extend your research with big savings for custom model generation projects. If your research would benefit from generation of … Read More ›
Grant Application Support LetterIf you are considering applying for a grant, reviewers will seek to understand the strategies used in generating any research models for your proposal. Cyagen’s model generation experts … Read More ›
Stem Cells and Media – High Quality & ReliableCyagen offers high quality and reliable research-use cell products to researchers around the world. Until now, Cyagen’s products have been referenced in over 1,200 customer publications, cited by … Read More ›
Cryopreservation & BreedingTake advantage of our Cryopreservation and Breeding services to save time, space and money. Read More ›
ROSA26 Large Fragment KnockinWith highly competitive pricing, backed by a 100% money-back guarantee. Read More ›
PiggyBAC TransgenicsGet your single copy transgenic mice in as little as 3 months. Read More ›
Technical Bulletins
Thankful for You – New Testimonials for Cyagen’s Animal Serv…
With the upcoming Thanksgiving Holiday in the US – Cyagen would like to thank you for everything you do to make the world a better place. Read More ›
Differentiating the Biological Functions of Nestin with Tran…
Since the identification of the intermediate filament (IF), nestin, it has been used as a marker for Neural Stem Cells (NSCs) and commonly considered as a key component … Read More ›
KO-First: A Tool for Studying Gene Function Across the Mamma…
Since the early 2000s, large-scale knockout consortia have been established with the goal of generating a complete resource of reporter-tagged null mutations in C57BL/6 mouse ES cells. Herein, … Read More ›
CRISPR-Cas9: How the Patent Dispute has Transformed Science …
As CRISPR-based innovations begin to move into clinical testing and the dispute over core patents continues worldwide, CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has been under increased scrutiny in both commercial … Read More ›
RPS23RG1-mediated Stabilization of Synaptic Function Rescues…
Synaptic impairment is known to be a prerequisite to the cognitive deficiencies exhibited in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), so investigating the mechanisms which Read More ›
Advancing the Study of Cardiac Chamber Specification During …
Nppa (natriuretic peptide A) is a cardiac hormone that dynamically changes its spatiotemporal expression during heart development. Read More ›
Citations
Kartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)
CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)
Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)
Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)
Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)
Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)
Find publications relevant to your research:Citation SearchCyagen US Inc.
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Santa Clara, CA 95050-2709, US
877-598-8122 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)
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· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)
· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)
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· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats
· Transgenic Rats
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· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells
· Primary Cells
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Acknowledgement: AlphaKnockout is made possible by utilizing the computing power of Milkyway-2 of National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou, the super machine rated by TOP500 ranking as the top 1/top 2 world’s most powerful computer for the past 4 consecutive years.Search Mouse (Mus musculus) Rat (Rattus norvegicus) KO (CRISPR/Cas 9) cKO (CRISPR/Cas 9) cKO (ES) for SearchCopyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved. 备案号和版权所有: 粤ICP备17037667号-1
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Mouse Model
Mouse models can be considered as the starting point for investigating a certain basic principle, without having an aim to translate it into humans, just like other non-human models such as yeast, fruit fly or zebrafish, depending on the nature of the question in study: for example, studying the mechanism of heat shock proteins in the antigen presentation process or understanding the survival mechanism of the gut nematode against the host immune response.
From: The Laboratory Mouse (Second Edition), 2012
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Cytokine
Antibody
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Neoplasm
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Mouse Models
Siân E. Piret, Rajesh V. Thakker, in Genetics of Bone Biology and Skeletal Disease, 2013
II Methods for Generating Mouse Models
Non-Targeted Strategies
Spontaneous mutations in mice may result in benign phenotypes such as variable coat colors, or in disorders that have similarities to diseases in humans, e.g. the hypophosphatamia (Hyp) mouse, which is representative of X-linked hypophosphatemia in humans.52 Such spontaneous mutations occur at very low frequencies, thus several techniques that increase the rate of mutation induction in the mouse genome by either non-targeted (random) or targeted strategies have been developed (see Tables 13.1 and 13.2). An early example of non-targeted mutagenesis is provided by irradiation, which generated the Gy mouse, a second model for X-linked hypophosphatemia.52 More recently, chemical mutagens have been used in large-scale mutagenesis programs. Successful agents include isopropyl methane sulfonate (iPMS) used to generate the Nuf mouse model with an activating calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) mutation, and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) used to generate a mouse model for osteogenesis imperfecta with a collagen 1 alpha 1 (COL1A1) mutation. ENU, which is an alkylating agent that primarily introduces point mutations via transfer of the ENU alkyl group to the DNA base followed by mispairing and subsequent basepair substitution during the next round of DNA replication (Figure 13.1A), is the most potent mutagen in mice.14 Intraperitoneal injections of ENU to male mice generate approximately one mutation per 1–1.5 Mbp of sperm DNA,14 which allows the mutations to be inherited (Figure 13.1B). ENU mutagenesis programs utilize two complementary approaches, which are phenotype-driven and genotype-driven screens. In phenotype-driven screens, the offspring of mutagenized mice are assessed for phenotypic variances, using a panel of morphological, biochemical, or behavioral tests, in a “hypothesis-generating” strategy, which aims to elucidate new genes, pathways and mechanisms for a disease phenotype14 (Figure 13.1B). By establishing appropriate matings, phenotype-driven screens can be used to identify dominant or recessive phenotypes. Genotype-driven screens, in which mutations in a gene of interest are sought, are “hypothesis-driven” and are feasible by using available parallel archives of DNA and sperm samples from mutagenized male mice (Figure 13.1B). Archived DNA samples from the mutagenized male mice are used to search for mutations in the gene of interest, and once mutations are identified in the mouse DNA, then the corresponding sperm sample for the male mouse harboring the mutation is used to establish progeny carrying the mutation by in vitro fertilization.14 It is estimated that the probability of finding three or more mutant alleles in an archive of >5000 DNA samples is >90%.53 Thus, the gene-driven approach can be used to generate an “allelic series” of mutations within one gene, which may yield insights into genotype–phenotype correlations in the gene and disease of interest.54
ENU mutations most frequently result in missense mutations (>80%) that may generate hypo- and hypermorphs, although occasionally nonsense or frame-shift mutations (<10%) generating knockout models may be obtained.55 However, a more recent and reliable method for generating non-targeted knockout models on a large scale is by the use of insertional mutagenesis, utilizing gene-trap strategies.56,57 Gene-trap vectors usually consist of a reporter gene, either with or without a promoter, and a strong splice acceptor site, which causes any upstream exons to splice directly to the gene-trap15 (see Figure 13.1C). The vector is either electroporated or retrovirally infected into embryonic stem (ES) cells, after which it randomly inserts into the genome. Mutagenized ES cells are then re-introduced into developing blastocysts to generate chimeric mice, from which germline mutant mice can be bred (Figure 13.2). A recent refinement of the gene-trap strategy is targeted trapping, in which the vector also contains regions homologous to the targeted gene, thereby facilitating the deletion of a specific gene.16,56
Targeted Strategies
A specific loss of function (i.e. knockout) of a gene of interest in the germline can be generated to yield conventional targeted knockout models, as follows. A targeting construct is assembled, which contains two “arms” of sequence homologous to the gene of interest and that flank a positive selection cassette such as the E. coli neomycin phosphotransferase (NeoR) gene (Figure 13.3A). Integration of the NeoR gene (and therefore the targeting construct) into the ES cell genome allows these ES cells to survive normally toxic amounts of antibiotic treatment, thereby allowing selection of ES cells that have been successfully targeted by homologous recombination. Furthermore, replacement of an exon (or exons) by the NeoR cassette results in gene disruption, i.e. “knockout”17 (Figure 13.3A). To facilitate further the selection of ES cells that have undergone successful targeting by homologous recombination, a negative selection cassette, such as the Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (TK) gene, may also be used. The TK gene cassette is inserted at one end of the homologous region of the targeting construct, such that the TK cassette is lost if homologous recombination has occurred (Figure 13.3A), but retained if non-homologous recombination has occurred. In the presence of a thymidine analog in the growth medium, ES cells containing the TK cassette (i.e. following non-homologous recombination) will not undergo cell division, as the thymidine analog will undergo phosphorylation and will be incorporated into the DNA by the TK, and thereby disrupt cell division, hence selecting out these ES cells. In contrast, those ES cells that do not have the TK cassette (i.e. following homologous recombination) will not have disrupted cell division due to incorporation of the thymidine analog and, as a result, will proliferate.17 Correctly targeted ES cells are used to generate chimeric mice (see Figure 13.2), which are then bred with wild-type mice to yield mice with germline transmission of the disrupted allele, i.e. “knockout” mice, that have one copy of the disrupted allele in all of their cells. Cross-breeding of these heterozygous knockout mice can then yield homozygous knockout mice, which will have a disruption of both alleles of the gene in all of their cells. These “conventional” knockout models have proved to be very useful in studies of human diseases, although their use may be limited if the disruption of the gene in a critical organ results in early death, e.g. at any embryonic stage. To overcome such limitations, it may be useful to generate tissue-specific (i.e. conditional knockout) or time-specific (i.e. inducible knockout) models. This can be achieved by refining the gene-trap and “conventional” knockout strategies by the addition of either LoxP or flippase (FLP) recombinase target (FRT) sites in the targeting vector (Figure 13.3B). LoxP and FRT sites are short DNA sequences which are recognized and acted upon by the enzymes Cre (causes recombination) recombinase or FLP recombinase enzymes, respectively and, when inserted to flank the genomic region of interest, will result in either excision or inversion of the DNA flanked by the LoxP or FRT sequences, depending on whether the two sequences are in the same orientation (Figure 13.3B), or opposite orientations, respectively. Thus, insertion of the LoxP and FRT sequences allows several variations on the knockout mouse, including either tissue-specific (conditional) or time-specific (inducible) knockouts (see Table 13.2). Thus, if mice containing alleles in which the exon containing the start codon is flanked by LoxP sites (“floxed”) or FRT sites (“flirted”), are crossed with transgenic mice expressing Cre or FLP under the control of tissue-specific promoters (e.g. the PTH gene promoter for parathyroid-specific expression), the gene of interest can be knocked out in a specific tissue (Figure 13.3B). The inducible models utilize a fusion protein, such as a modified ligand-binding domain of the estrogen receptor fused to the Cre (CreER) or FLP gene which, on administration of an estrogen receptor antagonist (tamoxifen), translocates to the nucleus to excise the floxed allele(s), thereby allowing the gene to be permanently knocked out at the desired time, which may be either during embryonic or neonatal development, or in adult life.18 These conditional and inducible knockout mouse models have proved particularly useful to overcome embryonic or early postnatal lethality, for example in studies of Blomstrand’s chondrodysplasia due to PTHR1 loss of function (see Table 13.4), or to understand the role of a protein in one particular tissue.
Knockout mice have been very valuable for the study of physiological functions of proteins and the elucidation of disease mechanisms. However, knockout models are not always the most appropriate, particularly when the human disease being studied is not due to a loss of function or null allele for the gene. Indeed, the majority of human diseases are unlikely to be due to null alleles, but are instead associated with point mutations, which may result in a constitutively active protein, or a toxic gain of function, as illustrated by PTHR1 mutations in Jansen’s disease (see Table 13.4), or dominant negative effects. Thus, to generate appropriate murine models for these diseases, the specific mutation needs to be introduced into the mouse genome, and this may be achieved by targeted knock-in or transgenic approaches (see Tables 13.1 and 13.2). The generation of targeted knock-in models utilizes a similar approach to that described above for targeted knockout models, except that a targeting vector which carries the desired mutation must be specifically generated (see Figure 13.3C). In addition, the positive selection cassette is normally placed in an intron and floxed so that it can be excised and cause minimal effects on gene expression.19 The generation of transgenic models utilizes a targeting construct which usually contains the cDNA carrying the mutation, together with an appropriate promoter and poly(A) sequence, which is injected into the pronucleus of fertilizd mouse eggs.20,21 The transgene undergoes random insertion into the genome, and several copies are often inserted together, which therefore generates an overexpression model. As reviewed below, these different strategies for generating mouse models of human diseases have greatly facilitated studies of inherited bone and mineral disorders that have investigated mechanisms and treatments, which would not be easily feasible in patients.View chapterPurchase book
Mouse Models of The Nuclear Envelopathies and Related Diseases
Henning F. Horn, in Current Topics in Developmental Biology, 2014
9 Conclusions
Mouse models provide a valuable tool for studying human diseases. This has certainly been true for mouse models of LINC complex proteins and their associated diseases. The various Nesprin-1 mouse models have augmented our understanding of the underlying biology of muscular dystrophy, autosomal recessive arthrogryposis, and autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia. The mouse models for the Nesprin-4-associated hearing loss were critical in elucidating the cell biology and provided key insights into this entirely novel class of human hearing loss. And mouse models of SUN1 and KASH5 have allowed us a greater appreciation for the importance of chromosomal movement in the development of gametes. Indeed, our mouse model-generated understanding of LINC complex functions may even prove to be predictive for human diseases. For example, a novel human disorder was recently described that has features of mandibular acral dysplasia but also includes deafness and male hypogonadism as prominent associated features (Shastry et al., 2010). Several candidate genes were examined, but no mutations were found to cause this genetic condition. However, given our knowledge of the roles of SUN1, and the phenotypes of the SUN1 mouse models (hearing loss and hypogonadism), it would be interesting to check the function of SUN1 in these patients.
While a number of mouse models now exist for LINC complex proteins, the field is still relatively young. Indeed, we are still discovering novel LINC complex functions and novel variants of LINC complexes. We therefore expect that future mouse models will continue to augment our understanding of the LINC complex in normal as well as pathophysiological roles.View chapterPurchase book
Alzheimer’s Disease: Transgenic Mouse Models
K.H. Ashe, in Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 2009
Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been created to study the structural and functional consequences of the accumulation of the amyloid-β and tau proteins in the brain. They have also been used to test experimental therapeutic interventions for AD. No transgenic mouse model perfectly represents all stages and facets of AD; transgenic mouse models cannot supplant the need for studying the disease in humans and human clinical trials. However, studies in transgenic mouse models allow researchers to understand aspects of the pathophysiology of AD and coordinate efforts to diagnose and treat the illness in humans.View chapterPurchase book
In Vitro and In Vivo Animal Models
Azka Khan, … Alvina Gul, in Omics Technologies and Bio-Engineering, 2018
18.2.13 Transgenic Mouse of PD
Mouse models have been a vital tool for research in neurodegenerative diseases. They have been proved as an effective model organism for PD. Both in vitro and in vivo mouse models have been extensively used. Many transgenic mouse models have been generated to study PD; α-synuclein protein has very important role in the pathology of this disease. KO mice and some transgenic mice with the ability to overexpress α-synuclein possess familial A53T or A30P mutations. α-Synuclein KO mice are viable and fertile, and they support a significant role of α-synuclein in regulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and presynaptic vesicular release and recycling (Janus and Welzl, 2010).View chapterPurchase book
Biomarkers for Assessing Risk of Cancer
Xifeng Wu, Jian Gu, in The Molecular Basis of Cancer (Fourth Edition), 2015
Mouse Models for Cancer Susceptibility Study
Mouse models that cross tumor-resistant with tumor-susceptible strains have been instrumental in mapping several candidate cancer susceptibility loci and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs)125-131 before the wide application of GWAS in human cancers. Although hundreds of cancer susceptibility loci have been identified through GWAS, the majority of the heritable risk of cancer cannot be explained by the main effects of common alleles. Gene-gene and gene-environment interaction clearly play important roles in cancer development, which is challenging in human studies because of the heterogeneity of human cancers. Mouse models have a defined genetic background that does not possess the genetic heterogeneity characteristic of human cancers. Crossing genetically distinct mouse strains can allow the analysis of the combinatorial effects of host genetic background and somatic events at different stages of cancer development. A recent study applied a network analysis in a mouse model of skin cancer that produces both benign tumors and malignant carcinomas and identified a genetic architecture affecting inflammation and tumor susceptibility.132 Gene–environment interactions can also be investigated using mouse models to identify how genetic modifiers of tumor initiation interact with specific environmental effects identified through epidemiological studies. Mouse models will also be a major tool for mechanistic studies of cancer susceptibility loci.View chapterPurchase book
Molecular Basis of Lung Cancer
Mitsuo Sato, … John D. Minna, in The Molecular Basis of Cancer (Third Edition), 2008
New Transgenic Mouse Models of Lung Cancer
Mouse models that recapitulate the carcinogenic process of human lung cancer are powerful tools to improve our understanding of lung cancer pathogenesis, develop targeted therapeutics, and evaluate their in vivo efficacies. Several different types of transgenic mouse models for studying lung cancer have been developed with innovative strategies. Bitransgenic models using Cre/LoxP recombination or tetracycline-inducible gene expression system have enabled regulating the expression of a gene in mice in a timely and spatially controlled manner. Two groups engineered mouse strains harboring conditional mutant K-ras alleles that are expressed only after Cre/LoxP-mediated recombination occurs. Both groups showed that oncogenic K-ras activation induces lung adenocarcinoma, demonstrating the contributions of oncogenic K-ras to lung cancer pathogenesis (46). Moreover, Meuwissen et al. developed a mouse model of SCLC by inactivating both Rb and p53 using Cre/LoxP recombination system (46). Using a tetracycline-inducible gene expression system, mice harboring EGFR tyrosine kinase domain mutations were engineered. These mice developed adenocarcinomas very similar to human adenocarcinomas with EGFR mutations. Although there can be significant differences in lung tumor development between humans and mice, mouse models have a complete physiologic environment and allow analyzing host tumor interaction and angiogenesis, which cannot be studied in tissue culture. Finally, no mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung has been developed.View chapterPurchase book
Huntington Disease
Laura A. Wagner, … Blair R. Leavitt, in Animal and Translational Models for CNS Drug Discovery, 2008
Validity of Animal Models of HD
Mouse models of HD are important to the discovery and validation of drug targets for HD as well as central to proving drug efficacy preceding human therapeutic trials. The development and validation of an effective mouse model of disease is no trivial matter and requires extensive characterization and rigorous validation (see Table 6.2). The ideal mouse model for HD agrees in etiology, pathophysiology, symptomatology, and response to therapeutics when compared to the human condition. Originally, chemical models of HD were investigated based on their similar striatal neurodegenerative pattern as seen in human HD patients. These chemical models met the very basic symptomatology criterion alone. Since the discovery of the HD gene, however, more accurate gene models of HD have been developed as transgenic mice representing HD etiology, pathophysiology, and symptomatology. Although species differences complicate the exact phenotype comparisons that can be made, genetic HD mice overall recapitulate cognitive failure, motor dysfunction, and striatal neurodegeneration as seen in human HD patients.
Table 6.2. Validation of animal models of diseasea
Face validity- a superficial resemblance between the mouse model and human disease. A similarity seen in symptoms is a common justification in this case (e.g., chemical models of HD).
Predictive validity- the ability of a model to predict the performance of the condition being modeled. One example is a model’s capacity to predict compound efficacy in therapeutic human trials.
Construct validity- a theoretical clarification of what a model is supposed to represent. This validation accounts for the inherent difference that may occur in a process when looking across species.
Etiological validity- in this case the model and the human condition must undergo identical etiologies. The simplest disease to model in this situation is that of a simple inheritance disease.
aVan Dam and De Deyn. (2006). Drug discovery in dementia: The role of rodent models. Nat Rev: Drug Discov 5:956–970.
Three basic design strategies have been applied in developing HD gene mouse models giving rise to three broad model categories including: (i) fragment models containing N-terminal fragments of the human mutant Htt protein in addition to both alleles of murine Hdh, (ii) full-length models containing the full-length human HD gene with an expanded polyglutamine tract in addition to both alleles of murine Hdh, and (iii) knock-in models of HD with pathogenic CAG expansions in murine Hdh. Individually these gene models are believed to represent certain aspects of HD based on their design and phenotype. These characteristics help define the strength of the model and its subsequent use in the field of HD research. Together these different gene models provide confirmatory proof of the dysfunction and disease caused by a Htt CAG expansion in mice. As a result, HD gene mouse models provide a powerful analysis for target validation and drug discovery preceding clinical trials. To date, the fourth criterion of an ideal HD mouse model, its predictive power in identifying effective drugs for HD awaits verification by emerging and ongoing human clinical trials.View chapterPurchase book
Application of Mouse Genetics to Human Disease
Teresa M. Gunn, Brenda Canine, in Rosenberg’s Molecular and Genetic Basis of Neurological and Psychiatric Disease (Fifth Edition), 2015
Summary
Mouse models have led – and are certain to continue to lead – to significant breakthroughs in identifying genes, mechanisms, and pathways that underlie human neurologic diseases. Mice are also ideal for testing therapeutic approaches, something we are likely to see more of in the coming years. New methodologies have increased the speed and accuracy with which new mouse models can be generated, and technological advances have led to improved tools to analyze them. Models of multigenic disorders remain scarce. This is primarily because it is difficult to identify the variants that cause these traits, and most mouse models are presently generated using gene targeting, which requires the causative loci be known. Random mutagenesis and thorough phenotypic analysis (including behavioral studies) of existing mutants may reveal subtle and/or unexpected traits, and will complement other, ongoing projects aimed at discovering disease-associated variants in human populations. There is much excitement over the ability to reprogram fibroblasts or other patient-derived cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), and the ability to differentiate those iPSC into neuronal stem cells allows for the analysis of those cells in culture. Injecting these cells into the mouse brain will create a new class of mouse models that will provide insight into the in vivo behavior of patient-derived cells in the mammalian nervous system. Combining these models with existing genetic models and reporter mice will create a powerful system for analyzing the pathogenesis of neurological disorders.View chapterPurchase book
Gsα, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Fibrous Dysplasia, and McCune–Albright Syndrome
Lee S. Weinstein, Michael T. Collins, in Genetics of Bone Biology and Skeletal Disease (Second Edition), 2018
3.4 Animal Models
Mouse models leading to constitutively activation of cAMP formation have been created by transgenic overexpression of Gsα, by expression of R201H or Q227L mutant forms of Gsα, or by expression of the cholera toxin A1 subunit, which covalently modifies R201 (Fig. 35.1). Transgenic expression of the cholera toxin A1 subunit in somatotrophs leads to pituitary hyperplasia and gigantism, whereas expression in thyroid cells leads to thyroid hyperplasia and hyperthyroidism.109 Gsα overexpression in the heart leads to cardiomyopathy,110 and expression of constitutively-activated forms of Gsα in the forebrain disrupts associative and spatial learning.111 A model of FD was created by transplanting Gsα-mutated skeletal progenitor cells into immunocompromised mice.112 A mouse model with germline expression of the R201C mutation survived, and with aging developed a skeletal dysplasia radiographically and histologically similar to FD.113View chapterPurchase book
Gsα, Pseudohypoparathyroidism, Fibrous Dysplasia, and McCune–Albright Syndrome
Lee S. Weinstein, … Allen M. Spiegel, in Genetics of Bone Biology and Skeletal Disease, 2013
Animal Models
Mouse models leading to constitutively activation of cAMP formation have been created by transgenic overexpression of Gsα, by expression of R201H or Q227L mutant forms of Gsα, or by expression of the cholera toxin A1 subunit which covalently modifies R201 (see Figure 27.1). Transgenic expression of the cholera toxin A1 subunit in somatotrophs leads to pituitary hyperplasia and gigantism, whereas expression in thyroid cells leads to thyroid hyperplasia and hyperthyroidism.73 Gsα overexpression in the heart leads to cardiomyopathy,74 and expression of constitutively-activated forms of Gsα in the forebrain disrupts associative and spatial learning.75 A model of FD was created by transplanting Gsα-mutated skeletal progenitor cells into immunocompromised mice.76 A mouse model replicating the full MAS phenotype has not been reported, perhaps because of the adverse effects of more generalized cAMP activation on normal development.View chapterPurchase book
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Cyagen Mouse & Rat Models @ MICE RESEARCHES – PLACES & COUNTRIES – HISTORY @ CONTACTS & ´´In architecture, a “model” is a representation of a building. In mice, a “model” is a representation of a human disease or syndrome. Mice share more than 95% of our DNA — and this means that we’re both affected by disease in surprisingly similar ways. By studying mice that have symptoms of diseases like Alzheimer’s, diabetes, or cancer, we can learn a lot more about how these diseases might be treated in patients. The quest for the best mouse model — or best “representation” — of a disease is always ongoing. The closer we are to accurately modeling genetic diseases in the mouse, the closer we are to discovering cures in the clinic.´´ @ Diseases and aging: patterns of morbidity with age; relationship between aging and age-associated diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Jun;55(6 Suppl):1225S-1230S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1225S. @ ´´A laboratory (UK: /ləˈbɒrətəri/, US: /ˈlæbərətɔːri/; colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratory services are provided in a variety of settings: physicians offices, clinics, hospitals, and regional and national referral centers.[1]´´ @ Very Important Links and Images
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The influence of physical activity in the progression of experimental lung cancer in mice
Renato Batista Paceli 1, Rodrigo Nunes Cal, Carlos Henrique Ferreira dos Santos, José Antonio Cordeiro, Cassiano Merussi Neiva, Kazuo Kawano Nagamine, Patrícia Maluf Cury
PMID: 22683274
DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.04.006
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GRUPO_AF1 – GROUP AFA1 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO AFAN 1 – GROUP AFAN1 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO_AF2 – GROUP AFA2 – Aerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Aeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
GRUPO AFAN 2 – GROUP AFAN 2 – Anaerobic Physical Activity – Atividade Física Anaeróbia – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
Slides – mestrado – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
CARCINÓGENO DMBA EM MODELOS EXPERIMENTAIS
DMBA CARCINOGEN IN EXPERIMENTAL MODELS
Avaliação da influência da atividade física aeróbia e anaeróbia na progressão do câncer de pulmão experimental – Summary – Resumo – ´´My´´ Dissertation – Faculty of Medicine of Sao Jose do Rio Preto
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22683274/
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most incident neoplasms in the world, representing the main cause of mortality for cancer. Many epidemiologic studies have suggested that physical activity may reduce the risk of lung cancer, other works evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the physical activity in the suppression, remission and reduction of the recurrence of tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic and anaerobic physical activity in the development and the progression of lung cancer. Lung tumors were induced with a dose of 3mg of urethane/kg, in 67 male Balb – C type mice, divided in three groups: group 1_24 mice treated with urethane and without physical activity; group 2_25 mice with urethane and subjected to aerobic swimming free exercise; group 3_18 mice with urethane, subjected to anaerobic swimming exercise with gradual loading 5-20% of body weight. All the animals were sacrificed after 20 weeks, and lung lesions were analyzed. The median number of lesions (nodules and hyperplasia) was 3.0 for group 1, 2.0 for group 2 and 1.5-3 (p=0.052). When comparing only the presence or absence of lesion, there was a decrease in the number of lesions in group 3 as compared with group 1 (p=0.03) but not in relation to group 2. There were no metastases or other changes in other organs. The anaerobic physical activity, but not aerobic, diminishes the incidence of experimental lung tumors.
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Our new TurboKnockout® service can provide you with conditional knockout, reporter knockin and humanization mouse models as fast as 6-8 months. This proprietary gene targeting method is enabled by two innovations:
(1) A super competent ES cell line that generates 100% ESC-derived founder mice rather than chimeras, eliminating the need to screen for germline transmission.
(2) A selection cassette on the targeting construct capable of removing itself after ES cell targeting without the need to breed to Flp deleter mice.
These innovations eliminate two generations of breeding, shortening production time by 4-6 months as compared to industry standard. For conditional knockouts, it may be possible to breed founders directly to your tissue-specific Cre mice.
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◆ Workflow of TurboKnockout® Gene Targeting Mouse Services
Each full gene targeting project is split into the following phases:
1. TurboKnockout® gene targeting strategy design
Analyze relevant information for your target gene, including gene structure, neighboring genes at the genomic locus, known targeted animal models, etc.
Develop a gene targeting strategy, including the method for screening targeted ES cells by PCR and confirmation by Southern blot.
Propose the strategy to you for review and approval.
2. TurboKnockout® targeting vector construction
Clone relevant DNA fragments corresponding to homology arms into the targeting vector.
Confirm construction of the final targeting vector by restriction digest and sequencing.
3. Targeting in ES cells
Electroporate targeting vector into our super competent TurboKnockout® ES cells, followed by appropriate drug selection and isolation of drug-resistant clones. Our ES cells are derived from the C57BL/6 strain.
Screen for targeted ES cell clones by PCR.
Expand up to six PCR-positive clones, which are further confirmed by Southern blot.
Karyotype ES cells to ensure correct chromosome number.
4. TurboKnockout® mouse production
Introduce targeted ES cells into host embryos, followed by transfer into surrogate mothers. The resulting TurboKnockout® heterozygous mutants are 100% derived from the injected ES cells. We will aim to generate a minimum of 3 mice.
Genotype founders by PCR to confirm their mutant status.
Optional: Breed to F1.
Delivery of mice to the customer.
◆ Types of Knockout Mouse Services
Conventional knockout
In conventional knockout models, one or more critical exons of the target gene are replaced with a drug-selection cassette. This results in the permanent inactivation of the target gene in all cells of the body throughout development.
Conditional knockout
In conditional knockout models, one or more critical exons of the target gene are flanked by LoxP sequences which can be recognized by Cre recombinase. By breeding these floxed mice (mice with gene locus flanked by LoxP) with tissue-specific Cre-expressing mice (Cre deleters), it is possible to specifically delete the floxed region and inactivate the gene in desired tissues, while in all other tissues, the target gene remains functional.
Knockin
– Reporter knockin: A visually detectable marker gene (such as GFP or lacZ) is knocked into a gene locus to replace the coding sequence of the target gene for the purpose of monitoring the promoter activity of the gene. Alternatively, a marker or an epitope tag can be knocked into the end (or less frequently, the beginning) of the coding sequence to form a fusion protein, which allows target gene expression and localization/trafficking to be examined.
– Point mutation knockin: By introducing point mutation(s) into homology arms or the targeting vector, desired mutation(s) can be incorporated into the target gene. The mutated gene is expressed under the control of the wildtype gene regulatory elements.
– Humanized mouse: A humanized mouse is defined as a mouse model in which a portion or the full mouse gene sequence has been replaced by its human counterpart. The human gene is expressed under the control of the wildtype mouse regulatory sequences.
– ROSA26 knockin: ROSA26 is a locus that has been widely used for achieving global expression of the introduced gene in mice. The gene of interest is targeted into the first intron of this locus. The expression of the gene can be driven by the endogenous ROSA26 promoter or by a promoter of choice that is targeted into the locus along with the gene.
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TurboKnockout® targeting strategy design
Free
1-4 days
Construction of TurboKnockout® gene targeting vector
$8,950
8-14 weeks
Gene targeting in ES cells
$12,950
8-14 weeks
Karyotype ES cells to ensure correct chromosome number
$350/clone
1-2 weeks
TurboKnockout® mouse production
$8,950
(we will inject as many ES cell clones as needed to fulfill our guarantee)
8-12 weeks
Optional: Breeding founders to obtain F1
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* You can choose to receive F0 founder animals and perform their own breeding to F1 mice. To ensure the successful generation of F1 mice and germline transmission, breeding of F0 animals require adherence to Turboknockout® breeding protocol, which will be supplied to you. You can also choose to have Cyagen perform F1 breeding, which adds 1-3 months to the projected turnaround time. You can choose to breed F0 founders to wildtype mice or to other stains such as Cre deleter strains of your choice; additional service fees may apply.
Note: For special knockout/knockin services not listed above, please inquire about availability and pricing. The turnaround time above does not include the time for obtaining host institution’s approval for mouse importation and transit time during shipping.
◆ Guarantee
Cyagen offers the best guarantee in the industry – we will fully refund the client’s service fee if animals with the specified genotype are not generated (except for genetic modifications severely affecting viability, morbidity, or fertility). Given the complexity of biological systems, a particular genetic modification may not result in the desired phenotype. As such, Cyagen’s guarantee covers the creation of animals with the specified genotype, not a particular phenotypic outcome in terms of transcription, protein/RNA function, or organismal biology.
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If you find another service provider that offers better pricing than ours, we will match the price plus an additional 5% off.
◆ PAYMENTS
Standard payment terms include a 50% upfront payment before the project begins, and the remaining 50% plus shipping paid after completion of the project. If you need us to design your targeting strategy, we will provide this service for free irrespective of whether you end up choosing us for your project (other companies typically charge a few thousand dollars for this service).
◆ BULK DISCOUNT
We offer up to a 10% bulk discount for large orders. Large orders are defined as 5 or more projects from the same institution. If you bundle your orders with those of your colleagues, you can all qualify for the bulk discount.
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Products are shipped from our facility in China to our Santa Clara, California facility, then are relayed to end users. For mouse shipments, the shipping charge includes courier cost plus a $100/crate handling fee. Cells are shipped on dry ice, and the charge includes courier cost plus a $45 handling fee. DNA constructs are shipped in E. coli at room temperature, and the charge includes courier cost plus a $10 handling fee. We typically use World Courier to ship live mice and FedEx for other shipments.
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◆ Case studies on our TurboKnockout® Gene Targeting Mice
CASE 1
Sensing of viral and endogenous RNA by ZBP1/DAI induces necroptosis.
EMBO J 36 (17): 2529-2543 (2017)
Jonathan Maelfait
Abstract
Nucleic acids are potent triggers for innate immunity. Double‐stranded DNA and RNAadopt different helical conformations, including the unusual Z‐conformation. Z‐DNA/RNA is recognised by Z‐binding domains (ZBDs), which are present in proteins implicated in antiviral immunity. These include ZBP1 (also known as DAI or DLM‐1), which induces necroptosis, an inflammatory form of cell death. Using reconstitution and knock‐in models, we report that mutation of key amino acids involved in Z‐DNA/RNA binding in ZBP1’s ZBDs prevented necroptosis upon infection with mouse cytomegalovirus. Induction of cell death was cell autonomous and required RNAsynthesis but not viral DNA replication. Accordingly, ZBP1 directly bound to RNA via its ZBDs. Intact ZBP1‐ZBDs were also required for necroptosis triggered by ectopic expression of ZBP1 and caspase blockade, and ZBP1 cross‐linked to endogenous RNA. These observations show that Z‐RNA may constitute a molecular pattern that induces inflammatory cell death upon sensing by ZBP1.
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animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Services
■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)
· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice
· Transgenic Mice
· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats
· Transgenic Rats
■ Animal Model Supporting Services
■ Molecular Biology
Products
· Stem Cells
· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells
· Primary Cells
· Stem Cell Culture Media
· Stem Cell Differentiation Media
· Cell Cryopreservation Media
· Primary Cell Culture Media
About Us
· Citation
· Promotions
· Technical Bulletin
· Distributors
· Quote Request Form
· Online Support
Copyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.
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Tel:800-921-8930 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
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Citations
Identification of Natural Regulatory T Cell Epitopes Reveals Convergence on a Dominant Autoantigen.IMMUNITY 47:107 (2017) IF=22.845
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Testimonials
“I’ve been very happy with Cyagen’s service so I’ve been referring a lot of colleagues… thanks for the great service.”Washington University in St. Louis
more ›
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We will respond to you in 1-2 business days.** –Subject– Animal Model Generation Cell Products and Services Vector Construction Virus Packaging BAC Modification (Recombineering) Breeding or Cryopreservation Services Other ** –How did you hear about us?– Search engine Academic citations Email promotion Online advertisement Referral Trade show Other * *
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Citations
Filter citations by All Animal Models Molecular Biology Cell Biology
Kartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019) Animal Models
CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promoting the Wnt signalling.Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019) cell-biology
Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells.International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019) Cell Biology
Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanced angio- and osteogenesis.Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019) Cell Biology
Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019) Cell Biology
Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatment of myocardial infarction in rats.Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019) Cell Biology
Proteasome Activation by Insulin-like Growth Factor-1/Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-related Factor 2 Signaling Promotes Exercise-induced Neurogenesis.Stem Cells PMID: 31648402 (2019) Molecular Biology
PRRX1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma activates the metabolic reprogramming of free fatty acids to promote invasion and metastasis.Cell Proliferation e12705 (2019) Molecular Biology
BMP3 suppresses colon tumorigenesis via ActRIIB/SMAD2-dependent and TAK1/JNK signaling pathways.Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 38: 428 (2019) Molecular Biology
SIRT3-mediated deacetylation of PRDX3 alleviates mitochondrial oxidative damage and apoptosis induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury.Redox Biology 28: 101343 (2019) Animal Models
Commensal viruses maintain intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes via noncanonical RIG-I signaling.Nature Immunology PMID: 31636462 (2019) Animal Models
Fate-mapping post-hypoxic tumor cells reveals a ROS-resistant phenotype that promotes metastasis.Nature Communications 10: 4862 (2019) Animal Models
Synthetic promoter for efficient and muscle-specific expression of exogenous genes.Plasmid 106: 102441 (2019) Animal Models
Tubular Deficiency of Heterogeneous Nuclear Ribonucleoprotein F Elevates Systolic Blood Pressure and Induces Glycosuria in Mice.Scientific Reports 9:15765 (2019) Animal Models
Pterostilbene attenuates amyloid-β induced neurotoxicity with regulating PDE4A-CREB-BDNF pathway.American Journal of Translational Research 11: 6356-6369 (2019) Animal Models
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Cyagen US Inc.
2255 Martin Avenue, Suite E
Santa Clara, CA 95050-2709, US
800-921-8930 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)
408-969-0336
animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Services
■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)
· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice
· Transgenic Mice
· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats
· Transgenic Rats
■ Animal Model Supporting Services
■ Molecular Biology
Products
· Stem Cells
· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells
· Primary Cells
· Stem Cell Culture Media
· Stem Cell Differentiation Media
· Cell Cryopreservation Media
· Primary Cell Culture Media
About Us
· Citation
· Promotions
· Technical Bulletin
· Distributors
· Quote Request Form
· Online Support
Copyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.
About
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Careers
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0
My Account
Tel:800-921-8930 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Community
About Us
Support
Resources
Cell Products and Services
Animal Models
Search by keyword/lot number/product name
Home
Services
Animal Model Generation
Animal Model Generation
Mouse Models
■ ES cell based gene targeting services
TurboKnockout® Gene Targeting Mice
ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
■ CRISPR/Cas9-based services
Knockout Mice
Point Mutation Mice
Large-fragment Knockin Mice (any locus)
Large-fragment Knockin Mice (ROSA26)
■ Transgenic services
Regular Transgenic Mice
Transgenic Mouse Embryos
PiggyBac Transgenic Mice
PiggyBac Transgenic Mouse Embryos
PiggyBac-on-BAC Transgenic Mice
Rat Models
■ CRISPR/Cas9-based services
Knockout Rats
Point Mutation Rats
Large-fragment Knockin Rats (any locus)
Large-fragment Knockin Rats (ROSA26)
■ Transgenic services
Regular Transgenic Rats
PiggyBac Transgenic Rats
PiggyBac-on-BAC Transgenic Rats
Animal Model Supporting Services
Breeding Service
Cryopreservation Service
Histology Service
Transcriptome Profiling by RNA-Seq
Molecular Biology Services
BAC Modification (Recombineering)
Citations
Identification of Natural Regulatory T Cell Epitopes Reveals Convergence on a Dominant Autoantigen.IMMUNITY 47:107 (2017) IF=22.845
more ›
Testimonials
“I’ve been very happy with Cyagen’s service so I’ve been referring a lot of colleagues… thanks for the great service.”Washington University in St. Louis
more ›
Contact Us
We will respond to you in 1-2 business days.** –Subject– Animal Model Generation Cell Products and Services Vector Construction Virus Packaging BAC Modification (Recombineering) Breeding or Cryopreservation Services Other ** –How did you hear about us?– Search engine Academic citations Email promotion Online advertisement Referral Trade show Other * *
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Animal Model Generation
CYAGEN OFFERS A ONE-STOP SOLUTION FOR ALL YOUR CUSTOM MOUSE AND RAT MODEL NEEDS. WE ARE NOW THE WORLD`S LARGEST PROVIDER OF TRANSGENIC AND KNOCKOUT MOUSE AND RAT SERVICES, WITH THOUSANDS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICE GENERATED EACH YEAR FOR RESEARCHERS WORLDWIDE.
Mouse ModelsTurboKnockout® Gene Targeting MiceAs fast as 6-8 months
Humanization Mouse Models
Conditional Knockout Mouse Models
ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin MiceTraditional Gene Targeting Method
Mega-base deletion
Knockout MiceServices via CRISPR/Cas9
Unrivaled speed and convenience
Precise genome editing
Point Mutation MiceServices via CRISPR/Cas9
Without any scar left in the genome
Large-fragment Knockin Mice (any locus)Any target site you wish to knockin
Large fragment up to 8kb
As little as 4 months
Large-fragment Knockin Mice (ROSA26)Consistent and predictable ubiquitous gene expression
Large fragment up to 8kb
As little as 3 months
Regular Transgenic MiceQuick turnaround time
High expression level
Transgenic Mouse EmbryosEnhancer Study
No need to maintain the mouse line
PiggyBac Transgenic MiceSingle copy mice
As little as 3 months
Reliable and consistent
PiggyBac Transgenic Mouse EmbryosSingle copy mouse embryos
As little as 1.5 months
Reliable and consistent
PiggyBac-on-BAC Transgenic MiceSingle copy mice
As little as 3 months
Reliable and consistent
Rat ModelsKnockout RatsServices via CRISPR/Cas9
Unrivaled speed and convenience
Precise genome editing
Point Mutation RatsServices via CRISPR/Cas9
Without any scar left in the genome
Large-fragment Knockin Rats (any locus)Any target site you wish to knockin
Large fragment up to 8kb
As little as 3 months
Large-fragment Knockin Rats (ROSA26)Consistent and predictable ubiquitous gene expression
Large fragment up to 8kb
As little as 3 months
Regular Transgenic RatsQuick turn around time
PiggyBac Transgenic RatsSingle copy rats
As little as 3 months
Reliable and consistent
PiggyBac-on-BAC Transgenic RatsSingle copy rats
As little as 3 months
Reliable and consistent
Cyagen US Inc.
2255 Martin Avenue, Suite E
Santa Clara, CA 95050-2709, US
800-921-8930 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)
408-969-0336
animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Services
■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)
· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice
· Transgenic Mice
· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats
· Transgenic Rats
■ Animal Model Supporting Services
■ Molecular Biology
Products
· Stem Cells
· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells
· Primary Cells
· Stem Cell Culture Media
· Stem Cell Differentiation Media
· Cell Cryopreservation Media
· Primary Cell Culture Media
About Us
· Citation
· Promotions
· Technical Bulletin
· Distributors
· Quote Request Form
· Online Support
Copyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.
About
Contact
Careers
Site Map
Legal Information
Online Service
Acknowledgement: AlphaKnockout is made possible by utilizing the computing power of Milkyway-2 of National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou, the super machine rated by TOP500 ranking as the top 1/top 2 world’s most powerful computer for the past 4 consecutive years.Search Mouse (Mus musculus) Rat (Rattus norvegicus) KO (CRISPR/Cas 9) cKO (CRISPR/Cas 9) cKO (ES) for SearchCopyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved. 备案号和版权所有: 粤ICP备17037667号-1
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My Account
Tel:800-921-8930 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Community
About Us
Support
Resources
Cell Products and Services
Animal Models
Search by keyword/lot number/product name
Home
Services
Animal Model Generation
Knockout Mice
Animal Model Generation
Mouse Models
■ ES cell based gene targeting services
TurboKnockout® Gene Targeting Mice
ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
■ CRISPR/Cas9-based services
Knockout Mice
Point Mutation Mice
Large-fragment Knockin Mice (any locus)
Large-fragment Knockin Mice (ROSA26)
■ Transgenic services
Regular Transgenic Mice
Transgenic Mouse Embryos
PiggyBac Transgenic Mice
PiggyBac Transgenic Mouse Embryos
PiggyBac-on-BAC Transgenic Mice
Rat Models
■ CRISPR/Cas9-based services
Knockout Rats
Point Mutation Rats
Large-fragment Knockin Rats (any locus)
Large-fragment Knockin Rats (ROSA26)
■ Transgenic services
Regular Transgenic Rats
PiggyBac Transgenic Rats
PiggyBac-on-BAC Transgenic Rats
Animal Model Supporting Services
Breeding Service
Cryopreservation Service
Histology Service
Transcriptome Profiling by RNA-Seq
Molecular Biology Services
BAC Modification (Recombineering)
Citations
Identification of Natural Regulatory T Cell Epitopes Reveals Convergence on a Dominant Autoantigen.IMMUNITY 47:107 (2017) IF=22.845
more ›
Testimonials
“I’ve been very happy with Cyagen’s service so I’ve been referring a lot of colleagues… thanks for the great service.”Washington University in St. Louis
more ›
Contact Us
We will respond to you in 1-2 business days.** –Subject– Animal Model Generation Cell Products and Services Vector Construction Virus Packaging BAC Modification (Recombineering) Breeding or Cryopreservation Services Other ** –How did you hear about us?– Search engine Academic citations Email promotion Online advertisement Referral Trade show Other * *
Submit
Knockout Mice
Locate My Expert
ENGINEERED NUCLEASE-MEDIATED GENOME EDITING (ESPECIALLY CRISPR/CAS9) IS AN EMERGING TECHNOLOGY WHICH CAN SERVE AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE CONVENTIONAL, ES CELL HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION-BASED KNOCKOUT (KO) ANIMAL GENERATION. WHEN GRNA(S) DESIGNED TO TARGET SPECIFIC SITE(S) IN THE MOUSE GENOME AND CAS9 ARE CO-INJECTED INTO FERTILIZED MOUSE EGGS, CLEAVAGE AT THE TARGET SITE(S) FOLLOWED BY IMPERFECT REPAIR CAN RESULT IN INDELS (INSERTION OR DELETION). IF THE CUT SITE IS IN THE CODING REGION OF A GENE, THIS MAY RESULT IN A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION DOWNSTREAM OF THE SITE, GENERATING A CONSTITUTIVE KNOCKOUT. IF DELETION OF EXON(S) ENCODING CRITICAL DOMAINS IS DESIRABLE, TWO GRNAS TARGETING SITES UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE EXON(S) CAN BE CO-INJECTED WITH CAS9 AND KNOCKOUT PUPS WITH CRITICAL REGION DELETION CAN BE GENERATED. GENOME EDITING USING CRISPR/CAS9 SYSTEM CAN GENERATE CONSTITUTIVE KNOCKOUT FOUNDER ANIMALS IN AS LITTLE AS 3 MONTHS, FAR FASTER THAN THE TYPICAL 8~12 MONTHS REQUIRED FOR CONVENTIONAL KNOCKOUT MICE GENERATION WITH ES CELL HOMOLOGOUS RECOMBINATION. WE GUARANTEE DELIVERY OF A MINIMUM OF 2 FOUNDERS OR 3 F1 ANIMALS FOR KNOCKOUT.
Discount of the Decade Event: Save up to 25% on all custom animal models
◆ Workflow of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout (KO) Mouse Services
◆ Description of Services
Knockout (KO) strategy design
Tell us the name of gene you wish to knockout and we will design a nuclease-mediated strategy for you. This includes the selection of target sites in the gene based on our optimized algorithm that maximizes on-target nuclease activity and minimizes off-target activity, and the design of nuclease expression vector(s). For each gene to be knocked out, we will design vectors against at least two target sites in the gene to ensure success. Genotyping assays based on PCR and sequencing will also be designed for the screening of knockout founder mice.
Nucleases expression vector construction
DNA vectors that express the desired nucleases will be constructed. Where needed, the efficacy of these vectors will be tested in cell culture.
Nuclease injection into mouse eggs
– mRNA preparation: Nuclease expression vectors will be transcribed in vitro. The resulting mRNA will be artificially capped and polyadenylated to facilitate its proper translation into protein in mammalian cells.
– Nuclease injection to obtain founders: The in vitro transcribed nuclease mRNA(s) will be injected into fertilized mouse eggs, followed by implantation of the eggs into surrogate mothers to obtain offspring. In cases where the nuclease expression vectors are designed and constructed by Cyagen, we will inject as many eggs and/or target as many sites as needed to fulfill the guarantee. In cases where the nuclease expression vectors (or their mRNA products) are provided by the customer, we will inject a minimum of 200/300 eggs (based on strain) and screen pups for founders carrying desired mutation. If no founders are identified, more injections can be performed at an additional charge.
Founder screening
Pups will be screened by PCR and sequencing to identify knockout founder mice. Specifically, the site targeted by the nucleases will be PCR-amplified, followed by sequencing of the PCR product to reveal any mutations that might have occurred. Mice carrying frameshift deletions/insertions or critical exon(s) deletion on at least one allele are considered knockout founders. Occasionally, an animal may be found to have both alleles of the target site mutated.
Breeding founders to obtain F1
For some projects, the generation of founder mice is the end point. However, some customers wish to have us breed the founders further to obtain F1 mice. We will breed up to 3 founders to wildtype mice of matching strain background, and genotype their offspring to obtain F1 mice bearing the knockout allele.
◆ Donor Strain Information
We typically produce CRISPR-mediated knockout mice in the C57BL/6 and FVB background, but we may be able to use other strains per your request.
>> Rat models are also available. Learn more about CRISPR Knockout Rat Services.
◆ Pricing and Turnaround Time
For projects where nuclease expression vectors are constructed by Cyagen
Stages
Service
Price
Turnaround time
1
Knockout strategy design
Free
1-4 days
2
Nuclease expression vector construction for knockout
$1,950
3-5 weeks
3
mRNA preparation
$950
1-2 weeks
4
CRISPR/Cas9 injection to obtain knockout founders
FVB
$5,950
6-8 weeks
C57BL/6
$9,950
6-10 weeks
5
Genotyping pups to identify knockout founders
$950
1-2 weeks
6
Off-target analysis
$595
1-2 weeks
7
Breeding founders to obtain F1
$2,450
12-16 weeks
Note: For nuclease-mediated knockout mouse services not listed above, please inquire about availability and pricing. The turnaround time above does not include the time for obtaining host institution’s approval for mouse importation, nor transit time during shipping.
◆ GUARANTEE
Cyagen offers the best guarantee in the industry – we guarantee generation of constitutive knockout mice. We will fully refund the client’s service fee if animals with the specified genotype are not generated (except for genetic modifications severely affecting viability, morbidity, or fertility). Given the complexity of biological systems, a particular genetic modification may not result in the desired phenotype. As such, Cyagen’s guarantee covers the creation of animals with the specified genotype, not a particular phenotypic outcome in terms of transcription, protein/RNA function, or organismal biology.
◆ INQUIRIES AND QUOTE REQUESTS
Request a quote now. Alternatively, you can always email animal-service@cyagen.com or call 800-921-8930 to inquire about our services or obtain a quote for your project.
◆ PRICE MATCHING
If you find another commercial service provider that offers better pricing than ours, we will match the price plus an additional 5% off.
◆ PAYMENTS
Standard payment terms include a 50% upfront payment before the project begins, and the remaining 50% plus shipping charge paid after completion of the project. If you need us to design your knockout strategy, we will provide this service for free irrespective of whether you end up choosing us for your project.
◆ BULK DISCOUNT
We offer up to a 10% bulk discount for large orders. Large orders are defined as 5 or more projects from the same institution. If you bundle your orders with those of your colleagues, you can all qualify for the bulk discount.
◆ SHIPPING
Products are shipped from our facility in China to our Santa Clara, California facility, then are relayed to end users. For mouse shipments, the shipping charge includes courier cost plus a $100/crate handling fee. DNA constructs in E. coli are shipped at room temperature, and the charge includes courier cost plus a $10 handling fee. We typically use World Courier to ship live mice and FedEx for other shipments.
◆ ANIMAL PROGRAMS
All animal work is conducted in our specific pathogen free (SPF) facilities that have been AAALAC accredited and OLAW assured. For details information, please visit our support section for Description of our Facility, Animal Health and Animal Welfare Program.
◆ CUSTOMER REFERENCES
Please click here to view a map of customer who have used Cyagen before worldwide.
◆ CITATIONS
Please click here for a list of publications that have cited Cyagen.
◆ Case studies on our Knockout Mice
CASE 1
Identification of Natural Regulatory T Cell Epitopes Reveals Convergence on a Dominant Autoantigen.
Cell Death and Disease 47: 107–117 (2017)
Leonard JD, Gilmore DC, Dileepan T, Nawrocka WI, Chao JL, Schoenbach MH, Jenkins MK, Adams EJ, Savage PA
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 are critical for the prevention of autoimmunity and the suppression of anti-tumor immunity. The major self-antigens recognized by Treg cells remain undefined, representing a substantial barrier to the understanding of immune regulation. Here, we have identified natural Treg cell ligands in mice. We found that two recurrent Treg cell clones, one prevalent in prostate tumors and the other associated with prostatic autoimmune lesions, recognized distinct non-overlapping MHC-class-II-restricted peptides derived from the same prostate-specific protein. Notably, this protein is frequently targeted by autoantibodies in experimental models of prostatic autoimmunity. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model in which Treg cell responses at peripheral sites converge on those self-proteins that are most susceptible to autoimmune attack, and we suggest that this link could be exploited as a generalizable strategy for identifying the Treg cell antigens relevant to human autoimmunity.
>> See More <<
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Name: Organization: Email: Subject: –I’m Interested In– Animal Model Generation Cell Products and Services Vector Construction Virus Packaging BAC Modification (Recombineering) Breeding or Cryopreservation Services Other Content: –How did you hear about us?– Search engine Academic citations Email promotion Online advertisement Referral Trade show Other *
SubmitFollow this link if you are looking for another knockout mouse model or customized mouse model.Cyagen US Inc.
2255 Martin Avenue, Suite E
Santa Clara, CA 95050-2709, US
800-921-8930 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)
408-969-0336
animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Services
■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)
· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice
· Transgenic Mice
· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats
· Transgenic Rats
■ Animal Model Supporting Services
■ Molecular Biology
Products
· Stem Cells
· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells
· Primary Cells
· Stem Cell Culture Media
· Stem Cell Differentiation Media
· Cell Cryopreservation Media
· Primary Cell Culture Media
About Us
· Citation
· Promotions
· Technical Bulletin
· Distributors
· Quote Request Form
· Online Support
Copyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.
About
Contact
Careers
Site Map
Legal Information
Online Service
0
My Account
Tel:800-921-8930 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
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About Us
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Home
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Useful Links
Citations
Identification of Natural Regulatory T Cell Epitopes Reveals Convergence on a Dominant Autoantigen.IMMUNITY 47:107 (2017) IF=22.845
more ›
Testimonials
“I’ve been very happy with Cyagen’s service so I’ve been referring a lot of colleagues… thanks for the great service.”Washington University in St. Louis
more ›
Contact Us
We will respond to you in 1-2 business days.** –Subject– Animal Model Generation Cell Products and Services Vector Construction Virus Packaging BAC Modification (Recombineering) Breeding or Cryopreservation Services Other ** –How did you hear about us?– Search engine Academic citations Email promotion Online advertisement Referral Trade show Other * *
Submit
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(flyer)
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(flyer)
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Cyagen Animal Models-2019
(brochure)
Cyagen US Inc.
2255 Martin Avenue, Suite E
Santa Clara, CA 95050-2709, US
800-921-8930 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)
408-969-0336
animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Services
■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)
· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice
· Transgenic Mice
· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats
· Transgenic Rats
■ Animal Model Supporting Services
■ Molecular Biology
Products
· Stem Cells
· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells
· Primary Cells
· Stem Cell Culture Media
· Stem Cell Differentiation Media
· Cell Cryopreservation Media
· Primary Cell Culture Media
About Us
· Citation
· Promotions
· Technical Bulletin
· Distributors
· Quote Request Form
· Online Support
Copyright © 2019 Cyagen Biosciences. All rights reserved.
About
Contact
Careers
Site Map
Legal Information
Online Service
0
My Account
Tel:800-921-8930 or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l) (8am-6pm Pacific Time)Email:animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Community
About Us
Support
Resources
Cell Products and Services
Animal Models
Search by keyword/lot number/product name
Home
Resources
Manuals & Protocals
Documentation
Literature Library
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Manuals & Protocols
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Citations
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Animal Resources
Molecular Biology Resources
Useful Links
Citations
Identification of Natural Regulatory T Cell Epitopes Reveals Convergence on a Dominant Autoantigen.IMMUNITY 47:107 (2017) IF=22.845
more ›
Testimonials
“I’ve been very happy with Cyagen’s service so I’ve been referring a lot of colleagues… thanks for the great service.”Washington University in St. Louis
more ›
Contact Us
We will respond to you in 1-2 business days.** –Subject– Animal Model Generation Cell Products and Services Vector Construction Virus Packaging BAC Modification (Recombineering) Breeding or Cryopreservation Services Other ** –How did you hear about us?– Search engine Academic citations Email promotion Online advertisement Referral Trade show Other * *
Submit
Manuals & Protocals
User Guide: Sprague-Dawley (SD) Fetal Rat Cortex Neurons
Catalog: IMPI0048A2 SCCFN-00001
User Guide: NCR Protein-Free Cryopreservation Medium
Catalog: IMPI0003A2 NCPF-10001
User Guide: Strain C57BL/6 Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells with RFP
Catalog: IMPI0070A4 MUBES-01201
User Guide: Balb/c Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells with GFP
Catalog: IMPI0089A1 MUCMX-01101
User Guide: Dog Mesenchymal Stem Cells with GFP
Catalog: IMPI0088A1 CAXMX-01101
User Guide: Strain C57BL/6 Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells with RFP
Catalog: IMPI0076A5 MUBMX-01201
User Guide: Fischer 344 (F344) Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells with RFP
Catalog: IMPI0075A3 RAFMX-01201
User Guide: Sprague-Dawley (SD) Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells with RFP
Catalog: IMPI0074A3 RASMX-01201
User Guide: Strain C57BL/6 Mouse Mesenchymal Stem Cells with GFP
Catalog: IMPI0073A4 MUBMX-01101
User Guide: Fischer 344 (F344) Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells with GFP
Catalog: IMPI0072A3 RAFMX-01101
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Cyagen US Inc.
2255 Martin Avenue, Suite E
Santa Clara, CA 95050-2709, US
800-921-8930 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)
408-969-0336
animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Services
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Molecular Biology Resources
Understanding Different Virus VectorsChoosing a Fluorescent ProteinUnderstanding Different Virus Vectors
The most common viral vectors used in biomedical research are lentivirus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) and retroviruses, and each vector type has distinct advantages and disadvantages.
Considerations
Many different factors affect the ideal vector type for each experiment. Some of the key things to consider include: What is the target cell type? Are they dividing? Do you want transient transduction or stable integration into the host genome? Will an immune response to the virus affect your experiment? What transduction efficiency is needed?
Lentivirus
Retrovirus
Adenovirus
AAV
Tropism
Broad
Broad
Ineffective on some cell types
Broad
Can infect non-dividing cells?
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Stable integration
Stably integrate
Stably integrate
Transient, episomal
Transient, episomal
Maximal titer
High
Moderate
Very High
High
Immune response
Low
Moderate
High
Very low
Lentivirus
This is the most common viral system for gene delivery. Lentivirus is a highly efficient vehicle for introducing genes permanently into mammalian cells. This system has broad tropism (i.e. can infect a wide range of cell types) for both dividing and non-cycling cells, with relatively low cellular immune response. Live lentivirus can be produced at high titer (>108 TU/ml), and transduction efficiency for cultured cells can approach 100% under optimal conditions.
Retrovirus
Similar to lentivirus are retrovirus such as MMLV (Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus). These viruses also have broad tropism and stably integrate into the host cell genome, allowing long-term, stable gene expression. However, MMLV does not efficiently infect non-dividing cells, and can produce a more significant cellular immune response than lentivirus. Additionally, the viral titer of MMLV and similar retrovirus is usually only about one tenth that of lentivirus.
Adenovirus
These viral vectors are non-integrating, remaining in an episomal state within infected target cells, with no disruption of the host genome. Expression of transduced genes is usually transient, particularly in rapidly dividing cells which will lose adenovirus over time. Many cell types (both diving and non-dividing) can be transduced with adenovirus, but certain cell types lack the appropriate cell surface receptor, and cannot be efficiently transduced. Cellular and in vivo immune responses due to adenoviral infection can be significant, and may interfere with certain experiments. Adenovirus can be produced at very high titer (>109 TU/ml) which allows for very efficient transduction of susceptible target cells.
Adeno-associated virus
AAV is another non-integrating, episomal virus usually producing transient gene expression. Unlike adenovirus, AAV has very low immunogenicity and is almost entirely nonpathogenic in vivo. A major practical advantage is that AAV can in most cases be handled in biosafety level 1 (BSL1) facilities. This viral vector has broad tropism, toward both dividing and non-dividing cells, and the relatively high titer of most AAV preparations makes this an efficient gene delivery system.
References
Warnock JN, Daigre C, Al-Rubeai M. (2011) Introduction to viral vectors. Methods Mol Biol. 737:1-25
Walther W and Stein U. (2000) Viral vectors for gene transfer: a review of their use in the treatment of human diseases. Drugs 60:249-71
Choosing a Fluorescent Protein
For single-color experiments, green-emitting fluorescent proteins (FP) are the most common choices. Although EGFP is the most popular green FP, EmGFP (Emerald GFP) is a better choice for most applications due to its superior folding. If a red FP is preferred, mCherry is a very good choice for most experiments. The brighter dTomato works well in situations where dimerization of the FP is acceptable.
For multicolor experiments, researchers must carefully consider the spectral properties of FPs. Care must be taken that the FPs (and dyes used in the experiments) are distinguishable using the microscope filters or other hardware that will be used for detection. Frequently, three-color experiments will make use of a red and a green FP (e.g. mCherry + EGFP), together with a DNA dye such as DAPI. Another effective multicolor scheme would include a red, a yellow, and a cyan FP (mCherry + YPet + CyPet). These FP combinations are easily separable on most fluorescence microscopes or flow cytometers.
Recommendations: Single Color: mCherry or dTomato or EmGFP or EGFP
Three-color (Red, Green, Blue): mCherry + EmGFP or EGFP + DAPI (DNA dye)
Three-color (Red, Yellow, Cyan): mCherry + YPet + CyPet
Special Applications
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a specialized application of FPs that is highly dependent on experimental details, such as an appropriate FP pair and relative positioning of the FPs within the protein structure. CyPet and YPet are optimized FPs developed for use as a donor/acceptor pair, and we recommend this pair as a starting point for FRET experients.
Fluorescent Protein Properties
Notes: * In practice, many factors can influence brightness in the context of an experiment (e.g. FP maturation, pH, photobleaching). This value is based on experimental measurements of purified FPs under idealized conditions.
References
Cubitt, A.B., L.A. Woollenweber, and R. Heim, Understanding structure-function relationships in the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein. Meth Cell Biol, 1999. 58: p. 19-30.
Heim R, Cubitt AB, Tsien RY. Improved green fluorescence. Nature. 1995 Feb 23;373(6516):663-4.
Cormack BP, Valdivia RH, Falkow S. FACS-optimized mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Gene. 1996;173(1 Spec No):33-8.
Ward WW, Cormier MJ. An energy transfer protein in coelenterate bioluminescence. Characterization of the Renilla green-fluorescent protein. J Biol Chem. 1979 Feb 10;254(3):781-8.
Strack RL, Strongin DE, Bhattacharyya D, Tao W, Berman A, Broxmeyer HE, Keenan RJ, Glick BS. A noncytotoxic DsRed variant for whole-cell labeling. Nat Methods. 2008 Nov;5(11):955-7.
Shaner, N.C. et al., Improved monomeric red, orange, and yellow fluorescent proteins derived from Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein. Nat Biotechnol, 2004.
Campbell RE, Tour O, Palmer AE, Steinbach PA, Baird GS, Zacharias DA, Tsien RY. A monomeric red fluorescent protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 11;99(12):7877-82.
Nguyen AW, Daugherty PS. Evolutionary optimization of fluorescent proteins for intracellular FRET. Nat Biotechnol. 2005 Mar;23(3):355-60.
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Identification of Natural Regulatory T Cell Epitopes Reveals Convergence on a Dominant Autoantigen.IMMUNITY 47:107 (2017) IF=22.845
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“I’ve been very happy with Cyagen’s service so I’ve been referring a lot of colleagues… thanks for the great service.”Washington University in St. Louis
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Knockout Rats
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IT HAS BEEN DIFFICULT TO KNOCKOUT A GENE FUNCTION IN RATS UNTIL RECENTLY WHEN ENGINEERED NUCLEASES (ESPECIALLY CRISPR/CAS9) HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED TO GENE TARGETED ANIMAL GENERATION. WHEN GRNA(S) DESIGNED TO TARGET SPECIFIC SITE(S) IN THE RAT GENOME AND CAS9 ARE CO-INJECTED INTO FERTILIZED RAT EGGS, CLEAVAGE AT THE TARGET SITE(S) FOLLOWED BY IMPERFECT REPAIR CAN RESULT IN INDELS (INSERTION OR DELETION). IF THE CUT SITE IS IN THE CODING REGION OF A GENE, THIS WILL RESULT IN A FRAMESHIFT MUTATION DOWNSTREAM OF THE SITE, GENERATING A CONSTITUTIVE KNOCKOUT. IF DELETION OF EXON(S) ENCODING CRITICAL DOMAINS IS DESIRABLE, TWO GRNAS TARGETING SITES UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE EXON(S) CAN BE CO-INJECTED WITH CAS9 AND KNOCKOUT RATS WITH CRITICAL REGION DELETION CAN BE GENERATED. WE GUARANTEE DELIVERY OF A MINIMUM OF 2 FOUNDERS OR 3 F1 ANIMALS FOR KNOCKOUT.
Discount of the Decade Event: Save up to 25% on all custom animal models
◆ Workflow of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Knockout Rat Services
◆ DESCRIPTION OF SERVICES
Knockout strategy design
Tell us the name of gene you wish to knockout, and we will design a nuclease-mediated strategy that meets your research needs. This includes the selection of target sites in the gene based on our optimized algorithm that maximizes on-target nuclease activity and minimizes off-target reactivity, and the design of nuclease expressing vector(s). For each gene, we will design vectors against at least two target sites in the gene to ensure success. Genotyping assays based on PCR and sequencing will also be designed for the screening of founder rats.
Nuclease expression vector construction
DNA vectors that express the desired nucleases will be constructed. Where needed, the efficacy of these vectors will be tested in cell culture.
Nuclease injection into rat eggs
– Preparation of nuclease mRNA: Nuclease expression vectors will be transcribed in vitro. The resulting mRNA will be artificially capped and polyadenylated to facilitate its proper translation into protein in mammalian cells.
– Nuclease injection to obtain founders: The nuclease mRNA(s) will be injected into fertilized rat eggs, followed by implantation of the eggs into surrogate mothers to obtain offspring. In cases where the nuclease expression vectors are designed and constructed by Cyagen, we will inject as many eggs and/or target as many sites as needed to fulfill the guarantee. In cases where the nuclease expression vectors (or their mRNA products) are provided by the customer, we will inject a minimum of 200/300 eggs (based on strain) and screen pups for founders carrying desired mutation. If no founders are identified, more injections can be performed at an additional charge.
Founder screening
Pups will be screened by PCR and sequencing to identify founder rats. Specifically, the site targeted by the nucleases will be PCR-amplified, followed by sequencing of the PCR product to reveal any mutations that might have occurred. Rats carrying frameshift deletions/insertions or critical exon(s) deletion on at least one allele are considered knockout founders. Occasionally, an animal can have both alleles of the target site mutated.
Breeding founders to obtain F1
For some projects, the generation of founder knockout rats is the end point. However, some customers wish to have us breed the founders further to obtain F1 rats. We will breed up to 3 founders to wildtype rats of matching strain background, and genotype their offspring to obtain F1 rats bearing the knockout allele.
◆ DONOR STRAIN INFORMATION
We typically produce CRISPR-mediated knockout rats in SD or Long Evans strain background, but we may be able to use other strains per your request.
>> Mouse models are also available. Learn more about CRISPR Knockout Mouse Services.
◆ PRICING AND TURNAROUND TIME
For projects where nuclease expression vectors are constructed by Cyagen
Stages
Service
Price
Turnaround time
1
Knockout strategy design
Free
1-4 days
2
Nuclease expression vector construction for knockout
$1,950
3-5 weeks
3
mRNA preparation
$950
1-2 weeks
4
CRISPR/Cas9 injection to obtain knockout founders
SD
$15,000
7-12 weeks
Long Evans
$17,000
7-16 weeks
5
Genotyping pups to identify knockout founders
$950
1-2 weeks
6
Off-target analysis
$595
1-2 weeks
7
Breeding founders to obtain F1
$3,150
12-18 weeks
Note: For nuclease-mediated knockout rat services not listed above, please inquire about availability and pricing. The turnaround time above does not include the time for obtaining host institution’s approval for rat importation and transit time during shipping.
◆ GUARANTEE
Cyagen offers the best guarantee in the industry – we guarantee generation of constitutive knockout rats. We will fully refund the client’s service fee if animals with the specified genotype are not generated (except for genetic modifications severely affecting viability, morbidity, or fertility). Given the complexity of biological systems, a particular genetic modification may not result in the desired phenotype. As such, Cyagen’s guarantee covers the creation of animals with the specified genotype, not a particular phenotypic outcome in terms of transcription, protein/RNA function, or organismal biology.
◆ INQUIRIES AND QUOTE REQUESTS
Request a quote now. Alternatively, you can always email animal-service@cyagen.com or call 800-921-8930 to inquire about our services or obtain a quote for your project.
◆ PRICE MATCHING
If you find another commercial service provider that offers better pricing than ours, we will match the price plus an additional 5% off.
◆ PAYMENTS
Standard payment terms include a 50% upfront payment before the project, and the remaining 50% plus shipping charge paid after completion of the project. If you need us to design your knockout strategy, we will provide this service for free irrespective of whether you end up choosing us for your project.
◆ BULK DISCOUNT
We offer up to 10% bulk discount for large orders. Large orders are defined as 5 or more projects from the same institution. If you bundle your order with that of your colleagues, you can all qualify for the bulk discount.
◆ SHIPPING
Products are shipped from our facility in China to our Santa Clara, California facility, then are relayed to end users. For rat shipments, the shipping charge includes courier cost plus a $100/crate handling fee. DNA constructs in E. coli are shipped at room temperature, and the charge includes courier cost plus a $10 handling fee. We typically use World Courier to ship live rats and FedEx for other shipments.
◆ ANIMAL PROGRAMS
All animal work is conducted in our specific pathogen free (SPF) facilities that have been AAALAC accredited and OLAW assured. For details information, please visit our support section for Description of our Facility, Animal Health and Animal Welfare Program.
◆ CUSTOMER REFERENCES
Please click here to view a map of customer who have used Cyagen before worldwide.
◆ CITATIONS
Please click here for a list of publications that have cited Cyagen.
Follow this link if you are looking for another customized rat model.
FOR BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT AND COLLABORATION OPPORTUNITIES, PLEASE CONTACT US:
Name: Organization: Email: Subject: –I’m Interested In– Animal Model Generation Cell Products and Services Vector Construction Virus Packaging BAC Modification (Recombineering) Breeding or Cryopreservation Services Other Content: –How did you hear about us?– Search engine Academic citations Email promotion Online advertisement Referral Trade show Other *
SubmitCyagen US Inc.
2255 Martin Avenue, Suite E
Santa Clara, CA 95050-2709, US
800-921-8930 (8-6pm PST) or +1 408-969-0306 (Int’l)
408-969-0336
animal-service@cyagen.com (Animal Model Services)cell-service@cyagen.com (Cell Products and Services)
Services
■ Animal Model Genaration· TurboKnockout® Service (Conditional KO & KI Mice)
· ES cell mediated Knockout & Knockin Mice
· Point Mutation Mice (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Mice
· Transgenic Mice
· Point Mutation Rats (CRISPR/Cas9)
· CRISPR/Cas9 Knockout Rats
· Transgenic Rats
■ Animal Model Supporting Services
■ Molecular Biology
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· Fluorescent-Labeled Cells
· Primary Cells
· Stem Cell Culture Media
· Stem Cell Differentiation Media
· Cell Cryopreservation Media
· Primary Cell Culture Media
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Cyagen Biosciences is a 400-employee company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, with additional locations in Germany, Japan and China. Cyagen is the world’s largest provider of custom-engineered mouse and rat models. Cyagen’s services have become well known for their top quality, full guarantee, and competitive prices. Cyagen is also the world’s leading provider of vector construction and virus packaging services through its highly innovative online interactive platform VectorBuilder.com. Additionally, Cyagen offers a comprehensive series of stem cell products for research use, including cell lines, media, and differentiation kits.Sitehttp://www.cyagen.comSetorBiotecnologiaTamanho da empresa201-500 funcionários83 no LinkedIn Inclui usuários que tenham a empresa atual listada como Cyagen US Inc., incluindo funções em meio período.SedeSanta Clara, CATipoEmpresa privadaFundada em2005EspecializaçõesCost-effective outsourcing services, Top-class customer service, Rodent Animal Models, Stem cell products, Cell media e Custom Rodent Models
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The time and expense of performing in-house breeding can take a toll on research timelines, budget, and mouse use numbers. Having your mice…
Inheritance Patterns
Common inheritance patterns of conditions with an underlying genetic component
Genetics for physician assistants
Many PAs are already feeling the impact of genetics in practice, but lack adequate training to effectively apply genetic information and…
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Kartogenin hydrolysis product 4-aminobiphenyl distributes to cartilage and mediates cartilage regeneration.Theranostics 9: 7108-7121 (2019)
CRYAB promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via stabilizing β-catenin and promot…Cell Proliferation PMID: 31638302 (2019)
Transforming Growth Factor-β3/Chitosan Sponge (TGF-β3/CS) Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Peri…International Journal Of Molecular Sciences 9: 20 (2019)
Periosteal matrix-derived hydrogel promotes bone repair through an early immune regulation coupled with enhanc…Biomaterials 227: 119552 (2019)
Peripheral Delivery of Neural Precursor Cells Ameliorates Parkinson’s Disease-Associated Pathology.Cells 8. pii: E1359 (2019)
Synergistic effects of adipose-derived stem cells combined with decellularized myocardial matrix on the treatm…Life SciencesLIFE SCIENCES 12:116891 (2019)
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Search MagazineWHAT IS A MOUSE MODEL?By Dayana Krawchuk, Ph.D.What is a mouse model?The ability to model human disease in the mouse makes it such a valuable experimental system. Genetically and genomically, the human and the mouse are very similar.
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What is a mouse model?No, no, no — it’s not a mouse walking down the runway at Fashion Week!In architecture, a “model” is a representation of a building. In mice, a “model” is a representation of a human disease or syndrome.Mice share more than 95% of our DNA — and this means that we’re both affected by disease in surprisingly similar ways.By studying mice that have symptoms of diseases like Alzheimer’s, diabetes, or cancer, we can learn a lot more about how these diseases might be treated in patients.The quest for the best mouse model — or best “representation” — of a disease is always ongoing. The closer we are to accurately modeling genetic diseases in the mouse, the closer we are to discovering cures in the clinic.Get rare disease updatesSign up for our newsletter to stay up to date on rare disease research!First Name:Last Name:Email Address:SUBSCRIBE
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Am J Clin Nutr. 1992 Jun;55(6 Suppl):1225S-1230S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1225S.
Diseases and aging: patterns of morbidity with age; relationship between aging and age-associated diseases.
Vellas BJ1, Albarede JL, Garry PJ.
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Abstract
Patterns of morbidity with age can be schematically represented in three situations: 1) as a progressive illness, such as Alzheimer’s disease, leading to a relatively rapid functional decline. 2) as a catastrophic event, such as a stroke or hip fracture, leading to a decline in function with improvement after rehabilitation. 3) as normal aging with gradual progressive functional decline. Results from the New Mexico Aging Process Study provide some unique insights about the consequences of the effects of aging on the nutritional status of healthy elderly people. Between 1979 and 1989, anthropometric and biochemical markers as well as dietary intakes remained relatively constant in this healthy elderly population. Thus, the aging process alone may have little or no important consequences on the nutritional status of healthy elderly individuals. However, the adaptation of pancreatic and intestinal function to undernutrition and refeeding can be perturbed in these individuals.PMID: 1590261 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/55.6.1225S[Indexed for MEDLINE]
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Laboratory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigationJump to searchFor other uses, see Lab and Laboratory (disambiguation).A medical laboratory run by the Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology of China Medical University (Taiwan)Molecular Biology Technics Laboratory at Faculty of Biology of Adam Mickiewicz University in PoznanA workbench in a chemistry laboratoryThe Schuster Laboratory, University of Manchester (a physics laboratory)
A laboratory (UK: /ləˈbɒrətəri/, US: /ˈlæbərətɔːri/; colloquially lab) is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. Laboratory services are provided in a variety of settings: physicians offices, clinics, hospitals, and regional and national referral centers.[1]
Contents
1Overview
2History2.1The early laboratories
3Techniques
4Equipment and supplies
5Specialized types
6Safety
7Organization7.1Social organization
8See also
9References
10External links
Overview[edit]
Laboratories used for scientific research take many forms because of the differing requirements of specialists in the various fields of science and engineering. A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength. A chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory, while a psychologist’s laboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used by computer scientists, computers (sometimes supercomputers) are used for either simulations or the analysis of data. Scientists in other fields will use still other types of laboratories. Engineers use laboratories as well to design, build, and test technological devices.
Scientific laboratories can be found as research room and learning spaces in schools and universities, industry, government, or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft.Laboratory, Brecon County School for Girls
Despite the underlying notion of the lab as a confined space for experts,[2] the term “laboratory” is also increasingly applied to workshop spaces such as Living Labs, Fab Labs, or Hackerspaces, in which people meet to work on societal problems or make prototypes, working collaboratively or sharing resources.[3][4][5] This development is inspired by new, participatory approaches to science and innovation and relies on user-centred design methods[6] and concepts like Open innovation or User innovation,.[7][8] One distinctive feature of work in Open Labs is phenomena of translation, driven by the different backgrounds and levels of expertise of the people involved.[9]
History[edit]
Early instances of “laboratories” recorded in English involved alchemy and the preparation of medicines.[10]
The emergence of Big Science during World War II increased the size of laboratories and scientific equipment, introducing particle accelerators and similar devices.
The early laboratories[edit]
The earliest laboratory according to the present evidence is a home laboratory of Pythagoras of Samos, the well-known Greek philosopher and scientist. This laboratory was created when Pythagoras conducted an experiment about tones of sound and vibration of string.[11]
In the painting of Louis Pasteur by Albert Edelfelt in 1885, Louis Pasteur is shown comparing a note in his left hand with a bottle filled with a solid in his right hand, and not wearing any personal protective equipment.[12]
Researching in teams started in the 19th century, and many new kinds of equipment were developed in the 20th century.[13]
A 16th century underground alchemical laboratory was accidentally discovered in the year 2002. Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor was believed to be the owner. The laboratory is called Speculum Alchemiae and is preserved as a museum in Prague.[14]
Chemistry laboratory of the 18th century, of the sort used by Antoine Lavoisier and his contemporaries
Thomas Edison in his laboratory, 1901
A laboratory in the 1970s
Chemical laboratory in Mahidol University International College since 2009
Early 2000s style of counter in Chemical Laboratory, Mahidol University International College, Thailand
Laboratory for organic Chemistry at the University of Applied Science Aachen, Campus Jülich, Germany
Techniques[edit]
Laboratory techniques are the set of procedures used on natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, physics to conduct an experiment, all of them follow the scientific method; while some of them involve the use of complex laboratory equipment from laboratory glassware to electrical devices, and others require more specific or expensive supplies.
Equipment and supplies[edit]
Three beakers, an Erlenmeyer flask, a graduated cylinder and a volumetric flask
Laboratory equipment refers to the various tools and equipment used by scientists working in a laboratory:
The classical equipment includes tools such as Bunsen burners and microscopes as well as specialty equipment such as operant conditioning chambers, spectrophotometers and calorimeters.Chemical laboratories
laboratory glassware such as the beaker or reagent bottle
Analytical devices as HPLC or spectrophotometers
Molecular biology laboratories + Life science laboratories
Autoclave
Microscope
Centrifuges
Shakers & mixers
Pipette
Thermal cyclers (PCR)
Photometer
Refrigerators and Freezers
Universal testing machine
ULT Freezers
Incuba
tors
Bioreactor
Biological safety cabinets
Sequencing instruments
Fume hoods
Environmental chamber
Humidifier
Weighing scale
Reagents (supply)
Pipettes tips (supply)
Polymer (supply) consumables for small volumes (µL and mL scale), mainly sterile
Laboratory equipment is generally used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data. Larger or more sophisticated equipment is generally called a scientific instrument.
Specialized types[edit]
The title of laboratory is also used for certain other facilities where the processes or equipment used are similar to those in scientific laboratories. These notably include:
Film laboratory or Darkroom
Clandestine lab for the production of illegal drugs
Computer lab
Crime lab used to process crime scene evidence
Language laboratory
Medical laboratory (involves handling of chemical compounds)
Public health laboratory
Industrial laboratory
Safety[edit]
Main article: Laboratory safetyAn eyewash station in a laboratory.Geneticist Riin Tamm wearing protective lab coat
In many laboratories, hazards are present. Laboratory hazards might include poisons; infectious agents; flammable, explosive, or radioactive materials; moving machinery; extreme temperatures; lasers, strong magnetic fields or high voltage. Therefore, safety precautions are vitally important. Rules exist to minimize the individual’s risk, and safety equipment is used to protect the lab users from injury or to assist in responding to an emergency.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States, recognizing the unique characteristics of the laboratory workplace, has tailored a standard for occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in laboratories. This standard is often referred to as the “Laboratory Standard”. Under this standard, a laboratory is required to produce a Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP) which addresses the specific hazards found in its location, and its approach to them.
In determining the proper Chemical Hygiene Plan for a particular business or laboratory, it is necessary to understand the requirements of the standard, evaluation of the current safety, health and environmental practices and assessment of the hazards. The CHP must be reviewed annually. Many schools and businesses employ safety, health, and environmental specialists, such as a Chemical Hygiene Officer (CHO) to develop, manage, and evaluate their CHP. Additionally, third party review is also used to provide an objective “outside view” which provides a fresh look at areas and problems that may be taken for granted or overlooked due to habit.
Inspections and audits like also be conducted on a regular basis to assess hazards due to chemical handling and storage, electrical equipment, biohazards, hazardous waste management, chemical waste, housekeeping and emergency preparedness, radiation safety, ventilation as well as respiratory testing and indoor air quality. An important element of such audits is the review of regulatory compliance and the training of individuals who have access to and/or work in the laboratory. Training is critical to the ongoing safe operation of the laboratory facility. Educators, staff and management must be engaged in working to reduce the likelihood of accidents, injuries and potential litigation. Efforts are made to ensure laboratory safety videos are both relevant and engaging.[15]
Organization[edit]
Organization of laboratories is an area of focus in sociology. Scientists consider how their work should be organized, which could be based on themes, teams, projects or fields of expertise. Work is divided, not only between different jobs of the laboratory such as the researchers, engineers and technicians, but also in terms of autonomy (should the work be individual or in groups).[16] For example, one research group has a schedule where they conduct research on their own topic of interest for one day of the week, but for the rest they work on a given group project.[17] Finance management is yet another organizational issue.
The laboratory itself is a historically dated organizational model. It came about due to the observation that the quality of work of researchers who collaborate is overall greater than a researcher working in isolation. From the 1950s, the laboratory has evolved from being an educational tool used by teachers to attract the top students into research, into an organizational model allowing a high level of scientific productivity.
Some forms of organization in laboratories include:
Their size: Varies from a handful of researches to several hundred.
The division of labor: “Occurs between designers and operatives; researchers, engineers and technicians; theoreticians and experimenters; senior researchers, junior researchers and students; those who publish, those who sign the publications and the others; and between specialities.” [18]
The coordination mechanisms: Which includes the formalization of objectives and tasks; the standardization of procedures (protocols, project management, quality management, knowledge management), the validation of publications and cross-cutting activities (number and type of seminars).
There are three main factors that contribute to the organizational form of a laboratory :
The educational background of the researchers and their socialization process.
The intellectual process involved in their work, including the type of investigation and equipment they use.
The laboratory’s history.
Other forms of organization include social organization.
Social organization[edit]
A study by Richard H.R. Harper, involving two laboratories, will help elucidate the concept of social organization in laboratories. The main subject of the study revolved around the relationship between the staff of a laboratory (researchers, administrators, receptionists, technicians etc.) and their Locator. A Locator is an employee of a Laboratory who is in charge of knowing where each member of the laboratory currently is, based on a unique signal emitted from the badge of each staff member. The study describes social relationships among different classes of jobs, such as the relationship between researchers and the Locator. It does not describe the social relationship between employees within a class, such as the relationship between researchers.
Through ethnographic studies, one finding is that, among the personnel, each class (researchers, administrators…) has a different degree of entitlement, which varies per laboratory. Entitlement can be both formal or informal (meaning it’s not enforced), but each class is aware and conforms to its existence. The degree of entitlement, which is also referred to as a staff’s rights, affects social interaction between staff. By looking at the various interactions among staff members, we can determine their social position in the organization. As an example, administrators, in one lab of the study, do not have the right to ask the Locator where the researchers currently are, as they are not entitled to such information. On the other hand, researchers do have access to this type of information. So a consequence of this social hierarchy is that the Locator discloses various degrees of information, based on the staff member and their rights. The Locator does not want to disclose information that could jeopardize his relationship with the members of staff. The Locator adheres to the rights of each class.
Social hierarchy is also related to attitudes towards technologies. This was inferred based on the attitude of various jobs towards their lab badge. Their attitude depended on how that job viewed their badge from a standpoint of utility, (how is the badge useful for my job) morality (what are my morals on privacy, as it relates to being tracked by this badge) and relations (how will I be seen by others if I refuse to wear this badge). For example, a receptionist would view the badge as useful, as it would help them locate members of staff during the day. Illustrating relations, researchers would also wear their badge due to informal pressures, such as not wanting to look like a spoil-sport, or not wanting to draw attention to themselves.
Another finding is the resistance to change in a social organization. Staff members feel ill at ease when changing patterns of entitlement, obligation, respect, informal and formal hierarchy, and more.
In summary, differences in attitude among members of the laboratory are explained by social organization: A person’s attitudes are intimately related to the role they have in an organization. This hierarchy helps understand information distribution, control, and attitudes towards technologies in the laboratory.[17]
See also[edit]
Cargo cult science
Chemical accident
Contamination control
Controlled lab reactor
Environmental health
Fume hood
Hackspace
ISO/IEC 17025
Lab website
Laboratory automation
Laboratory safety
Science tourism
Standard conditions for temperature and pressure
Workshop
References[edit]
^ Laboratory Structure and Function
^ Latour, Bruno (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
^ Flaherty, Joe (May 14, 2012). “Ford + TechShop: Getting Employees to Tinker”. Wired.
^ Burress, Charles (December 22, 1997). “A Tinkerer’s Paradise in Berkeley / Young, old inventors are offered tools, techniques and inspiration”. SF Chronicle.
^ Carlson, Adam (September 5, 2013). “Top 8 Tools for Building a Personal Prototyping Laboratory”. EE Times.
^ ISO 13407:(1999), titled Human-centred design processes for interactive systems, is an ISO Standard providing Guidance on human-centred design activities throughout the life cycle of interactive computer-based systems.
^ Von Hippel, E. (1986). Lead users: a source of novel product concepts. Management Science 32, 791–805.
^ Chesbrough, H.W. (2003). Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
^ Fritzsche, A (2017). “Corporate Foresight in Open Laboratories – A Translational Approach”. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management. 30 (6): 646–657. doi:10.1080/09537325.2017.1380180.
^ “laboratory”. Oxford English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. September 2005. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.): “Originally: a room or building for the practice of alchemy and the preparation of medicines. Later: one equipped for carrying out scientific experiments or procedures, esp. for the purposes of research, teaching, or analysis; (also) one in which chemicals or drugs are manufactured.”
^ “World’s Oldest Laboratory”. Analytical Chemistry. 62 (13): 701A. 30 May 2012. doi:10.1021/ac00212a716.
^ Schummer, Joachim; Spector, Tami I (July 2007). “The Visual Image of Chemistry: Perspectives from the History of Art and Science”. Hyle: International Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry(1): 3–41.
^ Lowe, Derek (27 May 2015). “Laboratory history: The chemistry chronicles”. Nature. 521 (7553): 422. Bibcode:2015Natur.521..422L. doi:10.1038/521422a.
^ “Museum of Alchemy”. Speculum Alchemiae.
^ Michael L. Matson; Jeffrey P. Fitzgerald; Shirley Lin (October 1, 2007). “Creating Customized, Relevant, and Engaging Laboratory Safety Videos”. Journal of Chemical Education. 84 (10): 1727. Bibcode:2007JChEd..84.1727M. doi:10.1021/ed084p1727.
^ Vinck, Dominique (2010). The sociology of scientific work. The Lypiatts: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. pp. 83, 97–100.
^ Jump up to:a b Harper, Richard H.R (1992). Looking at Ourselves: An Examination of the Social Organisation of Two Research Laboratories. Cambridge: Reprinted as Rank Xerox Technical Report EPC–92–108. pp. 330–337.
^ The sociology of scientific work p98
External links[edit]
Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Laboratory.
The dictionary definition of laboratory at Wiktionary
Media related to Laboratories at Wikimedia Commons
Nobel Laureates Interactive 360° Laboratories
QA Explore
showvteLaboratory equipment
Authority control
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