Elon Musk’s AI project to replicate the human brain receives $1 billion from Microsoft @ Links about: ´´Simulated reality – Is Reality a Simulation?´´ & ´´Are we living in a computer simulation? ´´I don’t know. Probably.´´ @ Google / Facebook / Time / Tempo / Countries / País @ SCIENTISTS ‘HAVE ACHIEVED QUANTUM SUPREMACY’, IN DISCOVERY THAT COULD CHANGE THE WORLD – What is the best animal model for Alzheimer’s disease? @ Other Facts & ´´Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within a system, as opposed to that which is only imaginary. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence.[1] In physical terms, reality is the totality of a system, known and unknown.[2]´´ @ Links

5Oct 201921 Mar 2020

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality

@ Scientific.NET Scientific Publisher provides high-demand content focused on Materials Science and Engineering – Links & How does Machine learning affect Industrial Robotics @ Breaking: Possible Signs of Life on Mars Confirmed @ Telehealth follow-ups aid communication between patients, physicians @ This wristband tells you what food to buy based on your DNA @ Protecting Teens’ Mental Health Is A Wise Investment

https://www.pioneeringminds.com/PQPosts/protecting-teens-mental-health-wise-investment/?fbclid=IwAR0Au5k-NMCEpFdZ9hbqrCgtqEfddnR5SIEZwBDFF0ZA6h4HUOZYYkFjqxU

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/11/dna-shopping-food-diabetes-healthy-eating/?fbclid=IwAR2YIeyz1coyILJnCfhm8zd3fYtbP2JrmOvx-hlX2v0H7LAArlT-Ih4CXu0

https://www.cardiovascularbusiness.com/topics/practice-management/telehealth-aids-communication-patients-physicians

https://science-andinfo.blogspot.com/2019/04/breaking-possible-signs-of-life-on-mars.html?fbclid=IwAR1A4YKtiw_weSxJ9tgGCNPb3lrj46FpoWzKibDwnp3M3YLyoHEcBbMr4Z4

https://www.scientific.net/?fbclid=IwAR0CKUAFEDVjzUUpeNsPGPJIL14d_2uzUjQrjkyrOx-Vn0pjfv3oKXyqEM8

https://www.linkedin.com/company/scientificnet/ https://www.techywriters.com/how-does-machine-learning-affect-industrial-robotics/?fbclid=IwAR1aFZfBZooPB0W3xT8gLkIJBGPCuJGYV5nwNxAWHparnsfvOGLvMbg-HXE

https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_best_animal_model_for_Alzheimers_disease

https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/quantum-supremacy-google-ibm-computing-explained-meaning-science-a9167346.html?fbclid=IwAR2-zvZ1C0YHPBrhCW53pLWT68NsGpEH4L78jMAtgW_3pWytDISO48k2RTI

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_reality https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis https://now.northropgrumman.com/is-our-entire-universe-just-a-simulated-reality/ https://bigthink.com/mind-brain/are-we-living-in-a-simulation http://www.google.com http://www.facebook.com http://www.forbes.com http://www.linkedin.com http://www.yahoo.com http://www.harvard.edu http://www.nasa.gov http://www.nobelprize.org http://www.mit.edu http://www.stanford.edu http://www.ucla.edu http://www.caltech.edu

https://www.facebook.com/groups/Is.Reality.A.Simulation.Anthology/ https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/what-simulation-hypothesis-why-some-think-life-simulated-reality-ncna913926 https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/15-irrefutable-reasons-we-might-be-living-in-a-simulation.html https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/4/10/18275618/simulation-hypothesis-matrix-rizwan-virk

https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/11/simulated-world-elon-musk-the-matrix https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/what-simulation-hypothesis-why-some-think-life-simulated-reality-ncna913926 http://www.wikipedia.org

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Elon Musk’s AI project to replicate the human brain receives $1 billion from Microsoft

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Microsoft and Elon Musk’s OpenAI are teaming up to improve the way AI works and use to solve real-world problems. Microsoft has agreed to invest $1 billion in a partnership with the research group OpenAI.

OpenAI said the investment would go towards its efforts of building artificial general intelligence (AGI) that can rival and surpass the cognitive capabilities of humans.

This partnership will aim to get computers to learn new skills and complete varied tasks like humans can. That’s a contrast to existing A.I, which can learn specific jobs, such as understanding images and patterns but can’t tackle different problems on its own.

“The creation of AGI will be the most important technological development in human history, with the potential to shape the trajectory of humanity,” said OpenAI CEO Sam Altman.

“Our mission is to ensure that AGI technology benefits all of humanity, and we’re working with Microsoft to build the supercomputing foundation on which we’ll build AGI.”

The two tech firm is going to create a new Azure supercomputing tech in the AI field. Microsoft is going to be OpenAI’s exclusive cloud computing partner.

The companies said that they will build a hardware and software platform of “unprecedented scale” within Microsoft’s cloud service provider Azure that will train and run increasingly advanced AI models.

“By bringing together, OpenAI’s breakthrough technology with new Azure AI supercomputing technologies, our ambition is to democratize AI, while always keeping AI safety front and center so everyone can benefit,” said Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella in the statement.

“Modern AI systems work well for the specific problem on which they’ve been trained, but getting AI systems to help address some of the hardest problems facing the world today will require generalization and deep mastery of multiple AI technologies,” the companies wrote in a press release announcing the partnership.

OpenAI said Microsoft was also going to be its preferred commercialization partner, rather than making its own product. The company also said it was licensing some of its “pre-AGI technologies.” The two companies are collaborating on “shared principles on ethics and trust,” according to the release.

Other OpenAI investors include the charitable foundation of LinkedIn co-founder Reid Hoffman and venture capital firm Khosla Ventures. Other Silicon Valley entrepreneurs who started OpenAI include Hoffman and Altman, co-founder and former president of startup incubator Y Combinator.

OpenAI, co-founded in 2015 by Musk and other prominent Silicon Valley investors, focuses mainly on artificial general intelligence, which could perform any tasks that humans are capable of, different from existing AI that can do only what people trained them for.

The startup has already achieved a number of AI milestones, most notably beating the world’s best human players at the video game Dota 2, but hopes its technology can one day help address climate change and other major challenges facing the planet.

Microsoft also recently announced a partnership with AT&T that would let the communications giant use Microsoft’s Azure cloud system for its computing purposes.

At&T will also be able to use Microsoft 365 for its workers. Under the terms of the deal, the two companies will collaborate on what’s called edge computing, which means that Microsoft technology will be incorporated in AT&T’s forthcoming 5G network.

They will collaborate on speeding up data passage for certain applications, like air traffic for drones. Microsoft will become AT&T’s “preferred” cloud company, and the move will help it gain ground on rivals like Amazon, which is currently the largest cloud provider.

Customers of cloud services run software managed by the providers, in data centers. John Donovan, chief executive of AT&T Communications, said the deal represents a total shift in how the company used to operate, and that it will be “public cloud-first,” and rely on data centers to power the business.

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Simulated reality

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchNot to be confused with Virtual reality.

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Simulated reality is the hypothesis that reality could be simulated—for example by quantum computer simulation—to a degree indistinguishable from “true” reality. It could contain conscious minds which may or may not be fully aware that they are living inside a simulation. This is quite different from the current, technologically achievable concept of virtual reality. Virtual reality is easily distinguished from the experience of actuality; participants are never in doubt about the nature of what they experience. Simulated reality, by contrast, would be hard or impossible to separate from “true” reality. There has been much debate over this topic, ranging from philosophical discourse to practical applications in computing.

Arguments[edit]

Simulation argument[edit]

Main article: Simulation hypothesis

A version of the simulation hypothesis was first theorised as a part of a philosophical argument on the part of René Descartes, and later by Hans Moravec.^[1]^[2]^[3] The philosopher Nick Bostrom developed an expanded argument examining the probability of our reality being a simulation.^[4] His argument states that at least one of the following statements is very likely to be true:1. Human civilization or a comparable civilization is unlikely to reach a level of technological maturity capable of producing simulated realities or such simulations are physically impossible to construct.^[4]2. A comparable civilization reaching aforementioned technological status will likely not produce a significant number of simulated realities (one that might push the probable existence of digital entities beyond the probable number of “real” entities in a Universe) for any of a number of reasons, such as diversion of computational processing power for other tasks, ethical considerations of holding entities captive in simulated realities, etc.^[4]3. Any entities with our general set of experiences are almost certainly living in a simulation.^[4]4. We are living in a reality in which posthumans have not developed yet and we are actually living in reality.^[4]

Bostrom’s argument rests on the premise that given sufficiently advanced technology, it is possible to represent the populated surface of the Earth without recourse to digital physics; that the qualia experienced by a simulated consciousness are comparable or equivalent to those of a naturally occurring human consciousness, and that one or more levels of simulation within simulations would be feasible given only a modest expenditure of computational resources in the real world.^[4]

If one assumes first that humans will not be destroyed nor destroy themselves before developing such a technology, and that human descendants will have no overriding legal restrictions or moral compunctions against simulating biospheres or their own historical biosphere, then, Bostrom argues, it would be unreasonable to count ourselves among the small minority of genuine organisms who, sooner or later, will be vastly outnumbered by artificial simulations.^[4]

Epistemologically, it is not impossible to tell whether we are living in a simulation. For example, Bostrom suggests that a window could pop up saying: “You are living in a simulation. Click here for more information.” However, imperfections in a simulated environment might be difficult for the native inhabitants to identify and for purposes of authenticity, even the simulated memory of a blatant revelation might be purged programmatically. Nonetheless, should any evidence come to light, either for or against the skeptical hypothesis, it would radically alter the aforementioned probability.^[4]

Computationalism[edit]

Main articles: Computationalism and Mathematical universe hypothesis

Computationalism is a philosophy of mind theory stating that cognition is a form of computation. It is relevant to the Simulation hypothesis in that it illustrates how a simulation could contain conscious subjects, as required by a “virtual people” simulation. For example, it is well known that physical systems can be simulated to some degree of accuracy. If computationalism is correct and if there is no problem in generating artificial consciousness or cognition, it would establish the theoretical possibility of a simulated reality. Nevertheless, the relationship between cognition and phenomenal qualia of consciousness is disputed. It is possible that consciousness requires a vital substrate that a computer cannot provide and that simulated people, while behaving appropriately, would be philosophical zombies. This would undermine Nick Bostrom‘s simulation argument; we cannot be a simulated consciousness, if consciousness, as we know it, cannot be simulated. The skeptical hypothesis remains intact, however, and we could still be envatted brains, existing as conscious beings within a simulated environment, even if consciousness cannot be simulated. It has been suggested that whereas virtual reality would enable a participant to experience only three senses (sight, sound and optionally smell), simulated reality would enable all five (including taste and touch).^{[citation needed]}

Some theorists^[5]^[6] have argued that if the “consciousness-is-computation” version of computationalism and mathematical realism (or radical mathematical Platonism)^[7] are true then consciousnesses is computation, which in principle is platform independent and thus admits of simulation. This argument states that a “Platonic realm” or ultimate ensemble would contain every algorithm, including those which implement consciousness. Hans Moravec has explored the simulation hypothesis and has argued for a kind of mathematical Platonism according to which every object (including, for example, a stone) can be regarded as implementing every possible computation.^[1]

Dreaming[edit]

Further information: Dream argument

A dream could be considered a type of simulation capable of fooling someone who is asleep. As a result, the “dream hypothesis” cannot be ruled out, although it has been argued that common sense and considerations of simplicity rule against it.^[8] One of the first philosophers to question the distinction between reality and dreams was Zhuangzi, a Chinese philosopher from the 4th century BC. He phrased the problem as the well-known “Butterfly Dream,” which went as follows:

Once Zhuangzi dreamt he was a butterfly, a butterfly flitting and fluttering around, happy with himself and doing as he pleased. He didn’t know he was Zhuangzi. Suddenly he woke up and there he was, solid and unmistakable Zhuangzi. But he didn’t know if he was Zhuangzi who had dreamt he was a butterfly or a butterfly dreaming he was Zhuangzi. Between Zhuangzi and a butterfly there must be some distinction! This is called the Transformation of Things. (2, tr. Burton Watson 1968:49)

The philosophical underpinnings of this argument are also brought up by Descartes, who was one of the first Western philosophers to do so. In Meditations on First Philosophy, he states “… there are no certain indications by which we may clearly distinguish wakefulness from sleep”,^[9] and goes on to conclude that “It is possible that I am dreaming right now and that all of my perceptions are false”.^[9]

Chalmers (2003) discusses the dream hypothesis and notes that this comes in two distinct forms:

that he is currently dreaming, in which case many of his beliefs about the world are incorrect;
that he has always been dreaming, in which case the objects he perceives actually exist, albeit in his imagination.^[10]

Both the dream argument and the simulation hypothesis can be regarded as skeptical hypotheses; however in raising these doubts, just as Descartes noted that his own thinking led him to be convinced of his own existence, the existence of the argument itself is testament to the possibility of its own truth. Another state of mind in which some argue an individual’s perceptions have no physical basis in the real world is called psychosis though psychosis may have a physical basis in the real world and explanations vary.

The dream hypothesis is also used to develop other philosophical concepts, such as Valberg’s personal horizon: what this world would be internal to if this were all a dream.^[11]

Existence of simulated reality unprovable in any concrete sense[edit]

Known as the idea of Nested Simulations: the existence of simulated reality is seen to be unprovable in any concrete sense as there is an infinite regress problem with the argument: any evidence that is directly observed could be another simulation itself.

Even if we are a simulated reality, there is no way to be sure the beings running the simulation are not themselves a simulation and the operators of that simulation are not a simulation.^[12]

“Recursive simulation involves a simulation or an entity in the simulation, creating another instance of the same simulation, running it and using its results” (Pooch and Sullivan 2000).^[13]

In August 2019, philosopher Preston Greene suggested that it may be best not to find out if we’re living in a computer simulation since, if it were found to be true, such knowing may end the simulation.^[14]

Philosophical and religious implications[edit]

Some philosophers and authors (Nick Bostrom‘s “Are You Living In a Computer Simulation?”, Jean Baudrillard‘s “Simulacra and Simulation”, Iurii Vovchenko’s “Answers in Simulation”^[15]) tried to address the implications of the simulated reality on mankind’s way of life and future. Simulated reality has significant implications to the philosophical questions such as the questions of existence of gods, meaning of life etc. There are attempts to link religion to the simulated reality.^[16]

In fiction[edit]

Main article: Simulated reality in fiction

Simulated reality in fiction has been explored by many authors, game designers and film directors.

References[edit]

^ Jump up to:^a ^b Moravec, Hans, Simulation, Consciousness, Existence
^ Moravec, Hans, Platt, Charles Superhumanism
^ Moravec, Hans Pigs in Cyberspace
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Bostrom, Nick (2003). “Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?”. Philosophical Quarterly. 53 (211): 243–255.
^ Bruno Marchal
^ Russel Standish
^ Hut, P.; Alford, M.; Tegmark, M. (2006). “On Math, Matter and Mind”. Foundations of Physics. 36 (6): 765–794. arXiv:physics/0510188. Bibcode:2006FoPh…36..765H. doi:10.1007/s10701-006-9048-x.
^ “There is no logical impossibility in the supposition that the whole of life is a dream, in which we ourselves create all the objects that come before us. But although this is not logically impossible, there is no reason whatever to suppose that it is true; and it is, in fact, a less simple hypothesis, viewed as a means of accounting for the facts of our own life, than the common-sense hypothesis that there really are objects independent of us, whose action on us causes our sensations.” Bertrand Russell, The Problems of Philosophy
^ Jump up to:^a ^b René Descartes, Meditations on the First Philosophy, from Descartes, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, trans. Elizabeth S. Haldane and G.R.T. Ross (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911 – reprinted with corrections 1931), Volume I, 145-46.
^ Chalmers, J., The Matrix as Metaphysics, Department of Philosophy, University of Arizona
^ Valberg, J.J. (2007). Dream, Death, and the Self. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691128597.
^ Bostrom, Nick (2009). “The Simulation Argument: Some Explanations” (PDF). If each first-level ancestor-simulation run by the non-Sims requires more resources (because they contain within themselves additional second-level ancestor-simulations run by the Sims), the non-Sims might well respond by producing fewer first-level ancestor-simulations. Conversely, the cheaper it is for the non-Sims to run a simulation, the more simulations they may run. It is therefore unclear whether the total number of ancestor-simulations would be greater if Sims run ancestor-simulations than if they do not.
^ Pooch, U.W.; Sullivan, F.J. (2000). Recursive simulation to aid models of decisionmaking. Simulation Conference. 1 (Winter ed.). p. 958. doi:10.1109/WSC.2000.899898. ISBN 978-0-7803-6579-7.
^ Greene, Preston (10 August 2019). “Are We Living in a Computer Simulation? Let’s Not Find Out – Experimental findings will be either boring or extremely dangerous”. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ Answers In Simulation [1]
^ Simulation Religion [2]
^ Chalmers, David (2005). “The Matrix as Metaphysics”. In C. Grau (ed.). Philosophers Explore the Matrix. Oxford University Press. pp. 157–158. ISBN 9780195181067. LCCN 2004059977. Evil Genius Hypothesis: I have a disembodied mind and an evil genius is feeding me sensory inputs to give the appearance of an external world. This is René Descartes’s classical skeptical hypothesis… Dream Hypothesis: I am now and have always been dreaming. Descartes raised the question: how do you know that you are not currently dreaming? Morpheus raises a similar question: ‘Have you ever had a dream, Neo, that you were so sure was real. What if you were unable to wake from that dream? How would you know the difference between the dream world and the real world?’… I think this case is analogous to the Evil Genius Hypothesis: it’s just that the role of the “evil genius” is played by a part of my own cognitive system! If my dream-generating system simulates all of space-time, we have something like the original Matrix Hypothesis. p.22

Bibliography[edit]

Copleston, Frederick (1993) [1946]. “XIX Theory of Knowledge”. A History of Philosophy, Volume I: Greece and Rome. New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 160. ISBN 978-0-385-46843-5.
Copleston, Frederick (1994) [1960]. “II Descartes (I)”. A History of Philosophy, Volume IV: Modern Philosophy. New York: Image Books (Doubleday). p. 86. ISBN 978-0-385-47041-4.
Deutsch, David (1997). The Fabric of Reality. London: Penguin Science (Allen Lane). ISBN 978-0-14-014690-5.
Lloyd, Seth (2006). Programming the Universe: A Quantum Computer Scientist Takes On the Cosmos. Knopf. ISBN 978-1-4000-4092-6.
Tipler, Frank (1994). The Physics of Immortality. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-46799-5.
Lem, Stanislaw (1964). Summa Technologiae. ISBN 978-3-518-37178-7.

External links[edit]

https://simulation-argument.tumblr.com

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show v t e Mixed and virtual reality

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Simulation hypothesis

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to search

The simulation hypothesis or simulation theory proposes that all of reality, including the Earth and the universe, is in fact an artificial simulation, most likely a computer simulation. Some versions rely on the development of a simulated reality, a proposed technology that would seem realistic enough to convince its inhabitants the simulation was real. The hypothesis has been a central plot device of many science fiction stories and films.

Origins[edit]

There is a long philosophical and scientific history to the underlying thesis that reality is an illusion. This skeptical hypothesis can be traced back to antiquity; for example, to the “Butterfly Dream” of Zhuangzi,^[1] or the Indian philosophy of Maya. A version of the hypothesis was also theorised as a part of a philosophical argument by René Descartes.

Simulation hypothesis[edit]

Nick Bostrom’s premise:

Many works of science fiction as well as some forecasts by serious technologists and futurologists predict that enormous amounts of computing power will be available in the future. Let us suppose for a moment that these predictions are correct. One thing that later generations might do with their super-powerful computers is run detailed simulations of their forebears or of people like their forebears. Because their computers would be so powerful, they could run a great many such simulations. Suppose that these simulated people are conscious (as they would be if the simulations were sufficiently fine-grained and if a certain quite widely accepted position in the philosophy of mind is correct). Then it could be the case that the vast majority of minds like ours do not belong to the original race but rather to people simulated by the advanced descendants of an original race.

Nick Bostrom’s conclusion:

Nick Bostrom in 2014

It is then possible to argue that, if this were the case, we would be rational to think that we are likely among the simulated minds rather than among the original biological ones.

Therefore, if we don’t think that we are currently living in a computer simulation, we are not entitled to believe that we will have descendants who will run lots of such simulations of their forebears.— Nick Bostrom, Are you living in a computer simulation?, 2003^[2]

Ancestor simulation[edit]

In 2003, philosopher Nick Bostrom proposed a trilemma that he called “the simulation argument”. Despite the name, Bostrom’s “simulation argument” does not directly argue that we live in a simulation; instead, Bostrom’s trilemma argues that one of three unlikely-seeming propositions is almost certainly true:

“The fraction of human-level civilizations that reach a posthuman stage (that is, one capable of running high-fidelity ancestor simulations) is very close to zero”, or
“The fraction of posthuman civilizations that are interested in running simulations of their evolutionary history, or variations thereof, is very close to zero”, or
“The fraction of all people with our kind of experiences that are living in a simulation is very close to one”

The trilemma points out that a technologically mature “posthuman” civilization would have enormous computing power; if even a tiny percentage of them were to run “ancestor simulations” (that is, “high-fidelity” simulations of ancestral life that would be indistinguishable from reality to the simulated ancestor), the total number of simulated ancestors, or “Sims”, in the universe (or multiverse, if it exists) would greatly exceed the total number of actual ancestors.

Bostrom goes on to use a type of anthropic reasoning to claim that, if the third proposition is the one of those three that is true, and almost all people with our kind of experiences live in simulations, then we are almost certainly living in a simulation.

Bostrom claims his argument goes beyond the classical ancient “skeptical hypothesis“, claiming that “…we have interesting empirical reasons to believe that a certain disjunctive claim about the world is true”, the third of the three disjunctive propositions being that we are almost certainly living in a simulation. Thus, Bostrom, and writers in agreement with Bostrom such as David Chalmers, argue there might be empirical reasons for the “simulation hypothesis”, and that therefore the simulation hypothesis is not a skeptical hypothesis but rather a “metaphysical hypothesis“. Bostrom states he personally sees no strong argument for which of the three trilemma propositions is the true one: “If (1) is true, then we will almost certainly go extinct before reaching posthumanity. If (2) is true, then there must be a strong convergence among the courses of advanced civilizations so that virtually none contains any individuals who desire to run ancestor-simulations and are free to do so. If (3) is true, then we almost certainly live in a simulation. In the dark forest of our current ignorance, it seems sensible to apportion one’s credence roughly evenly between (1), (2), and (3)… I note that people who hear about the simulation argument often react by saying, ‘Yes, I accept the argument, and it is obvious that it is possibility #n that obtains.’ But different people pick a different n. Some think it obvious that (1) is true, others that (2) is true, yet others that (3) is true.”

As a corollary to the trilemma, Bostrom states that “Unless we are now living in a simulation, our descendants will almost certainly never run an ancestor-simulation.”^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Criticism of Bostrom’s anthropic reasoning[edit]

Further information: Anthropic principle

Bostrom argues that if “the fraction of all people with our kind of experiences that are living in a simulation is very close to one”, then it follows that we probably live in a simulation. Some philosophers disagree, proposing that perhaps “Sims” do not have conscious experiences the same way that unsimulated humans do, or that it can otherwise be self-evident to a human that they are a human rather than a Sim.^[4]^[7] Philosopher Barry Dainton modifies Bostrom’s trilemma by substituting “neural ancestor simulations” (ranging from literal brains in a vat, to far-future humans with induced high-fidelity hallucinations that they are their own distant ancestors) for Bostrom’s “ancestor simulations”, on the grounds that every philosophical school of thought can agree that sufficiently high-tech neural ancestor simulation experiences would be indistinguishable from non-simulated experiences. Even if high-fidelity computer Sims are never conscious, Dainton’s reasoning leads to the following conclusion: either the fraction of human-level civilizations that reach a posthuman stage and are able and willing to run large numbers of neural ancestor simulations is close to zero, or we are in some kind of (possibly neural) ancestor simulation.^[8]

Some scholars categorically reject or are uninterested in anthropic reasoning, dismissing it as “merely philosophical”, unfalsifiable, or inherently unscientific.^[4]

Some critics reject the block universe view of time that Bostrom implicitly accepts and propose that we could be in the first generation, such that all the simulated people that will one day be created don’t yet exist.^[4]

The cosmologist Sean M. Carroll argues that the simulation hypothesis leads to a contradiction: if a civilization is capable of performing simulations, then it will likely perform many simulations, which implies that we are most likely at the lowest level of simulation (from which point one’s impression will be that it is impossible to perform a simulation), which contradicts the arguer’s assumption that advanced civilizations can most likely perform simulations.^[9]

Arguments, within the trilemma, against the simulation hypothesis[edit]

Simulation down to molecular level of very small sample of matter

Some scholars accept the trilemma, and argue that the first or second of the propositions are true, and that the third proposition (the proposition that we live in a simulation) is false. Physicist Paul Davies deploys Bostrom’s trilemma as part of one possible argument against a near-infinite multiverse. This argument runs as follows: if there were a near-infinite multiverse, there would be posthuman civilizations running ancestor simulations, and therefore we would come to the untenable and scientifically self-defeating conclusion that we live in a simulation; therefore, by reductio ad absurdum, existing multiverse theories are likely false. (Unlike Bostrom and Chalmers, Davies (among others) considers the simulation hypothesis to be self-defeating.)^[4]^[10]

Some point out that there is currently no proof of technology which would facilitate the existence of sufficiently high-fidelity ancestor simulation. Additionally, there is no proof that it is physically possible or feasible for a posthuman civilization to create such a simulation, and therefore for the present, the first proposition must be true.^[4] Additionally there are limits of computation^[2].

Consequences of living in a simulation[edit]

Economist Robin Hanson argues a self-interested high-fidelity Sim should strive to be entertaining and praiseworthy in order to avoid being turned off or being shunted into a non-conscious low-fidelity part of the simulation. Hanson additionally speculates that someone who is aware that he might be a Sim might care less about others and live more for today: “your motivation to save for retirement, or to help the poor in Ethiopia, might be muted by realizing that in your simulation, you will never retire and there is no Ethiopia.”^[11]

Testing the hypothesis physically[edit]

A long-shot method to test one type of simulation hypothesis was proposed in 2012 in a joint paper by physicists Silas R. Beane from the University of Bonn (now at the University of Washington, Seattle), and Zohreh Davoudi and Martin J. Savage from the University of Washington, Seattle.^[12] Under the assumption of finite computational resources, the simulation of the universe would be performed by dividing the continuum space-time into a discrete set of points. In analogy with the mini-simulations that lattice-gauge theorists run today to build up nuclei from the underlying theory of strong interactions (known as quantum chromodynamics), several observational consequences of a grid-like space-time have been studied in their work. Among proposed signatures is an anisotropy in the distribution of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays, that, if observed, would be consistent with the simulation hypothesis according to these physicists.^[13] A multitude of physical observables must be explored before any such scenario could be accepted or rejected as a theory of nature.^[14] In 2017, Campbell et al. proposed several experiments aimed at testing the simulation hypothesis in their paper “On Testing the Simulation Theory”.^[15] In 2018 they started a Kickstarter campaign to fund the experiments, which reached $236,590, more than the required sum of $150,000.^[16]

In 2019, philosopher Preston Greene suggested that it may be best not to find out if we’re living in a simulation since, if it were found to be true, such knowing may end the simulation.^[17]

Other uses of the simulation hypothesis in philosophy[edit]

Besides attempting to assess whether the simulation hypothesis is true or false, philosophers have also used it to illustrate other philosophical problems, especially in metaphysics and epistemology. David Chalmers has argued that simulated beings might wonder whether their mental lives are governed by the physics of their environment, when in fact these mental lives are simulated separately (and are thus, in fact, not governed by the simulated physics).^[18] They might eventually find that their thoughts fail to be physically caused. Chalmers argues that this means that Cartesian dualism is not necessarily as problematic of a philosophical view as is commonly supposed, though he does not endorse it.

Similarly, Vincent Conitzer has used the following computer simulation scenarios to illuminate further facts—facts that do not follow logically from the physical facts—about qualia (what it is like to have specific experiences), indexicality (what time it is now and who I am), and personal identity.^[19] Imagine a person in the real world who is observing a simulated world on a screen, from the perspective of one of the simulated agents in it. The person observing knows that besides the code responsible for the physics of the simulation, there must be additional code that determines in which colors the simulation is displayed on the screen, and which agent’s perspective is displayed. (These questions are related to the inverted spectrum scenario and whether there are further facts about personal identity.) That is, the person can conclude that the facts about the physics of the simulation (which are completely captured by the code governing the physics) do not fully determine her experience by themselves. But then, Conitzer argues, imagine someone who has become so engrossed in the simulation that she has forgotten that it is a simulation she is watching. Could she not still reach the same conclusion? And if so, can we not conclude the same in our own daily lives?

In popular culture[edit]

Science fiction themes[edit]

Main articles: Simulated reality in fiction and Simulated consciousness (science fiction)

Science fiction has highlighted themes such as virtual reality, artificial intelligence and computer gaming for more than fifty years. Simulacron-3 (1964) by Daniel F. Galouye (alternative title: Counterfeit World) tells the story of a virtual city developed as a computer simulation for market research purposes, in which the simulated inhabitants possess consciousness; all but one of the inhabitants are unaware of the true nature of their world. The book was made into a German made-for-TV film called World on a Wire (1973) directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder. The movie The Thirteenth Floor (1999) was also loosely based on this book. “We Can Remember It for You Wholesale” is a short story by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in April 1966, and was the basis for Total Recall (1990 film) and Total Recall (2012 film). In Overdrawn at the Memory Bank, a 1983 television movie, the main character pays to have his mind connected to a simulation. More recently, the same theme was repeated in the 1999 film The Matrix, which depicted a world in which artificially intelligent robots enslaved humanity within a simulation set in the contemporary world. The 2012 play World of Wires was partially inspired by the Bostrom essay on the simulation hypothesis.^[20] In the episode “Extremis” (broadcast on 20 May 2017 on BBC One) of the science fiction series Doctor Who, aliens called “The Monks” plan an invasion of Earth by running and studying a holographic simulation of Earth with conscious inhabitants. When the virtual Doctor finds out about the simulation he sends an email about the simulation to his real self so that the real Doctor can save the world. In the first season of Rick and Morty, a science-fiction animated comedy, the episode “M. Night Shaym-Aliens!” aliens trap the lead role (Rick) in a simulated reality in order to trick him into revealing his formula for concentrated dark matter. In the game Xenoblade Chronicles, it is revealed that the whole world of the gods Bionis and Mechonis was a simulation run by Alvis, the administrative computer of a phase transition experiment facility (heavily implied to be “Ontos” in Xenoblade Chronicles 2) after Klaus destroyed the universe in a multi-verse experiment. Simulation Theory is also the name of the eighth album by British alternative band Muse, released on 9 November 2018. “Answers In Simulation” ^[21] by Iurii Vovchenko was released in 2019. This book addresses the subject of simulation from another angle. The author makes a statement “OK, we live in simulation” and then asks a question “What’s next for us in that case?”

References[edit]

^ “You’re living in a computer simulation, and math proves it”. Gizmodo. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b Bostrom, Nick (2003). “Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?”. Philosophical Quarterly. 53(211): 243–255.
^ Bostrom, N., 2003, Are You Living in a Simulation?, Philosophical Quarterly (2003), Vol. 53, No. 211, pp. 243-255.
^ Jump up to:^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The Simulation Argument Website FAQ
^ The Simulation Argument: Why the Probability that You Are Living in a Matrix is Quite High, Nick Bostrom, Professor of Philosophy at Oxford University, 2003
^ Davis J. Chalmers The Matrix as Metaphysics Dept of Philosophy, U. o Arizona; paper written for the philosophy section of The Matrix website.
^ Brian Weatherson. “Are you a sim?” The Philosophical Quarterly 53.212 (2003): 425-431.
^ Dainton, Barry. “On singularities and simulations.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 19.1 (2012): 42.
^ http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2016/08/22/maybe-we-do-not-live-in-a-simulation-the-resolution-conundrum/
^ Davies, Paul, Charles William. “Multiverse cosmological models.” Modern Physics Letters A 19.10 (2004): 727-743.
^ Robin Hanson. “How to live in a simulation.” Journal of Evolution and Technology 7.1 (2001).
^ Beane, Silas; Zohreh Davoudi; Martin J. Savage (9 November 2012). “Constraints on the Universe as a Numerical Simulation”. arXiv:1210.1847. Bibcode:2014EPJA…50..148B. doi:10.1140/epja/i2014-14148-0. Lay summary – The Physics arXiv Blog (October 10, 2012). ABSTRACT Observable consequences of the hypothesis that the observed universe is a numerical simulation performed on a cubic space-time lattice or grid are explored. The simulation scenario is first motivated by extrapolating current trends in computational resource requirements for lattice QCD into the future. Using the historical development of lattice gauge theory technology as a guide, we assume that our universe is an early numerical simulation with unimproved Wilson fermion discretization and investigate potentially-observable consequences. Among the observables that are considered are the muon g-2 and the current differences between determinations of alpha, but the most stringent bound on the inverse lattice spacing of the universe, b⁻¹ > ~ 10^¹¹ GeV, is derived from the high-energy cut off of the cosmic ray spectrum. The numerical simulation scenario could reveal itself in the distributions of the highest energy cosmic rays exhibiting a degree of rotational symmetry breaking that reflects the structure of the underlying lattice.
^ Moskowitz, Clara. “Are We Living in a Computer Simulation?”.
^ “Physics Home”. http://www.phys.washington.edu.
^ Campbell, Tom; Owhadi, Houman; Sauvageau, Joe; Watkinson, David (June 17, 2017). “On Testing the Simulation Theory”. International Journal of Quantum Foundations. 3 (3): 78–99.
^ “Do we live in a Virtual Reality?”. Kickstarter. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
^ Greene, Preston (10 August 2019). “Are We Living in a Computer Simulation? Let’s Not Find Out – Experimental findings will be either boring or extremely dangerous”. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ Chalmers, David (January 1990). “How Cartesian Dualism Might Have Been True”.
^ Conitzer, Vincent (2018). “A Puzzle about Further Facts”. Erkenntnis. arXiv:1802.01161. doi:10.1007/s10670-018-9979-6.
^ Brantley, Ben (January 16, 2012). “‘World of Wires’ at the Kitchen — Review”. The New York Times.
^ “Answers In Simulation”[1]

External links[edit]

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How does Machine learning affect Industrial Robotics

2019 September, 10 Wiky 1 Comment Artificial Intelligence, Business, Education, featured, Future Tech, news, smart, Tech

Artificial intelligence and machine learning involve software programs classifying data and creating decisions about things within the real world. robotics involves manipulating objects within the real world. This creates the power to manipulate the important world using a combination of machine learning and robotics.
only some of the recent developments in robotics may be attributable to developments and uses of machine learning.

Some researchers might even argue against a set definition for the robot or discussion whether a definition may be relative or dependent upon the context of a situation, like the concept of ‘privacy’, this could be a better improved as more and more rules and laws are created around their use in variable contexts. There’s additionally some discussion on whether the term robot includes innovations like autonomous vehicles, drones, and different similar machines. I argue that these kinds of machines are a category of the mobile robot.

There are four areas of robotic processes that artificial intelligence and machine learning are impacting to create current applications more economical and profitable. The scope of artificial intelligence in robotics includes:

Vision: Artificial intelligence is helping robots discover things they’ve never seen before and recognized objects with so much greater detail.
Grasping: robots also are grasping things they’ve never seen before with Artificial intelligence and machine learning serving to them confirm the best position and orientation to know an object.
Motion Control: machine learning helps robots with dynamic interaction and obstacle rejection to maintain productivity.
Data analysis: Artificial intelligence and machine learning both facilitate robots to understand physical and logistic data patterns to be proactive and act accordingly.

FANUC Corporation is a leader within the Artificial intelligence and industrial robot industry. The manufacturer has been specializing in Artificial intelligence and larger connectivity in its industrial robots on various fronts. the corporation has been utilizing FANUC Intelligent Edge Link and Drive platform of commercial internet of things for purposes of producing. KUKA robotics is another leader in robot manufacturing, that implements machine learning and Artificial intelligence technology in their cooperative robots. The ensuing product is a robot which will safely work alongside people, which can be reprogrammed to permit for new tasks. this is unlike ancient industrial robots that depend on intensive coding for the performance of every task.

One of the top advantages that can simply be realized from this technology is increased productivity and uptime as a result of predictive maintenance. Integration of industrial robotics technology and AI permits robots to monitor their performance and accuracy, showing the moment maintenance is required to stop expensive downtime.

Collaborative robots usually utilize machine learning technology and Artificial intelligence. as an example, Baxter and Sawyer robots by Rethink robotics are cooperative robots that can be coded for various tasks at one time and can learn to accomplish tasks safely aboard people.

There are collaborative robots which will be coded simply by teaching them how to perform a task. The robot will then redo the task and learn the explanation for failure each time it attempts. This will be until it can accomplish a task with repeatability of a high degree.

There are various benefits of Artificial intelligence, industrial robotics, and machine learning technologies combining into one system for manufacturing production. Reduced programming time, higher productivity, and accrued uptime are some of the most effective benefits for the current manufacturers. But, Artificial intelligence and machine learning will have a transformative impact on industrial robots. whereas these technologies are still in their infancy, they’ll still push the boundaries of what’s potential with industrial robotic automation over the future.Please follow and like us:

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Physics And Astronomy Zone

Breaking: Possible Signs of Life on Mars Confirmed

Admin April 03, 2019 0Scientists have independently confirmed methane on Mars, in a possible sign of life on the planet. The gas was first spotted on the Martian surface more than a decade ago. But debate has raged about whether the detection was legitimate, as well as about where it could have come from if it is.

Now it has been independently confirmed for the first time, marking a major step forward in the hunt for the mysterious source of the gas. On Earth, methane is a key sign of life, and is emitted from biological organisms. Even if the Martian gas is coming from another process, it is still likely to be an indication that the red planet’s surface is far more active than previously thought.

In June 2013, the Curiosity rover spotted methane on the Martian surface, near the Gale Crater. The new findings come after scientists used a spectrometer on a spacecraft to observe methane in the Martian atmosphere, near the Gale Crater. They were also able to investigate the potential source of the methane, using numerical modelling and geological analysis, which suggested that it is coming from a fault near Gale Crater that is releasing it into the Martian atmosphere.
That should prove useful to scientists looking to investigate further where the methane could be coming from. Ever since methane was first detected, more than 10 years ago, debate has raged about whether it is coming from microorganisms or from geochemical reactions underground.
If it is coming from microorganisms then scientists could be able to follow the trace of gas in an attempt to discover whatever life could be hiding beneath the Martian surface. But the researchers in the new paper, titled ‘Independent confirmation of a methane spike on Mars and a source region east of Gale Crater’ and published in Nature Geoscience, note that will not be possible until its source can be found.

Scientists sent the ExoMars orbiter to the planet in 2016, in the hope that it can better understand the operation of methane on its surface and possible understand better where it is emerging from. As well as confirming the previous detection, and helping locate a possible location to search for further emissions, the new paper suggests that the methane on Mars might not be emerging in the way some expect.
Rather than coming from large emissions and being present around the whole of Mars, it might instead come out in small, short emissions from whatever process is producing it, the researchers write.Incredible $99 Smartwatch is Taking Brazil By StormXWatch|Sponsored Copycat Watch Everyone In Sao Jose Do Rio Preto Is Talking AboutXWATCH|Sponsored Poliglota de 22 anos ensina inglês em 8 semanas e vira febre na internetMétodo Inglês Rápido|Sponsored Este emagrecedor natural é o mais eficaz que você vai encontrarPhytoPower Caps|Sponsored Empresas de ar condicionado irritadas com este novo dispositivo minúsculoCoolAir|Sponsored Susan Boyle é tão magra agora e está lindaFinanceBlvd|Sponsored Casais tiram a mesma foto juntos 50 anos depois e você vai morrer de rir!Desafio Mundial|Sponsored Gabourey Sidibe Is So Skinny Now And Looks Like A ModelFinance BLVD|Sponsored Famosos que morreram sem que ninguém soubesseTherapy Joker|Sponsored Economista confirma rumores sobre bancos brasileirosEuQueroInvestir.com|Sponsored Mulher descobre botox em cápsulas e vira febre em São José Do Rio PretoDermacaps|Sponsored Genial invenção japonesa permite falar 43 idiomas instantaneamenteMUAMA Enence|Sponsored Worlds First Ever Human-Monkey Hybrid Grown In Lab In ChinaWorlds First Ever Human-Monkey Hybrid Grown In Lab In ChinaScience-andinfoNASA Openly Admits Alien Life Exists: Get Ready for DisclosureNASA Openly Admits Alien Life Exists: Get Ready for DisclosureScience-andinfoTAGS:ASTRONOMY SCIENCE

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Telehealth follow-ups aid communication between patients, physiciansAnicka Slachta | November 15, 2019 | Practice Management

Following up with heart patients via computer or smartphone helped facilitate communication between patients, families and care teams in a small-scale study out of Children’s National Hospital in Washington, D.C.

The trial, led by senior author Ashraf Harahsheh, MD, a cardiologist at Children’s National, is slated for presentation at the American Heart Association’s annual Scientific Sessions in Philadelphia Nov. 17. It was a virtual visit pilot study that recruited patients with previously established hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia or syncope, as well as patients who needed to discuss cardiac testing results.

“We’ve used telemedicine in pediatric cardiology for physician-to-physician communications for years at Children’s National, thanks to cardiologists like Dr. Craig Sable,” Harahsheh said in a release. Sable is the associate chief of cardiology at the hospital.

“But this is the first time we’ve really had the appropriate technology to speak directly to patients and their families in their homes instead of requiring an in-person visit.”

The team’s retrospective sample included 18 families who were open to virtual visits as a follow-up option between 2016 and 2019. Six months after their virtual visits, none of the patients reported an urgent cardiology issue.

A good portion of patients in the study—39%—had additional in-person cardiology appointments, but Harahsheh et al. said none of those appointments were the result of a deficiency in virtual visits.

“There are many more questions to be answered about how best to appropriately use technology advances that allow us to see and hear our patients without requiring them to travel a great distance,” Harahsheh said. “But my team and I were encouraged by the results of our small study, and by the anecdotal positive reviews from families who participated. We’re looking forward to determining how we can successfully and cost-effectively implement these approaches as additional options for our families to get the care they need.”

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This wristband tells you what food to buy based on your DNA

A trolley laden with fresh and processed food sits parked in an aisle as customers shop at a supermarket in Mumbai May 30, 2011. Indians are increasingly heading to shiny, air-conditioned supermarkets where the aisles are packed with choice instead of the tiny stores where customers have to ask for items off dusty shelves offering just one or two brands of essential groceries. Picture taken May 30, 2011. To match Special Report INDIA-FOOD REUTERS/Vivek Prakash (INDIA - Tags: FOOD BUSINESS SOCIETY) - GM1E76K180N01 — This wristband can help you make better food choices and reduce your risk for diseases like diabetes.Image: REUTERS/Vivek Prakash

15 Nov 2019

Douglas BroomSenior Writer, Formative Content

Predictions for 2030: What if we get things right?Read the seriesMost PopularHow to stay fit in your 60s and beyondJulie Broderick · The Conversation 14 Nov 2019 3 reasons why Singapore is the smartest city in the worldSharmishta Sivaramakrishnan 14 Nov 2019 Alibaba hits $23 billion sales in 9 hours for Singles’ Day shoppingJosh Horwitz · Reuters 11 Nov 2019 More on the agendaForum in focusThe world has entered a new era of epidemic risk. We’re responding with strength.Read more about this projectExplore context

Future of Health and Healthcare Explore the latest strategic trends, research and analysis

When an undiagnosed rare genetic disease caused his young son’s kidneys to fail, Professor Chris Toumazou vowed to find a way of uncovering hidden health risks.

The professor of biomedical engineering realised that, although his son’s condition could not have been prevented, the family could have managed his lifestyle very differently had they known about his condition.

So, he embarked on a mission to help people change their lifestyles and avoid getting sick.

Have you read?

Lifestyle, he says, has a “huge impact” on many undiagnosed conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure. Changing behaviour could save lives.

The result of his research is a simple wristband that uses your DNA to help you make healthy choices as you shop for groceries.

By analysing the part of your genetic code determining susceptibility to nutrition-related health conditions like diabetes, DNANudge tells you which foods are best for you, and which you should avoid.

DNANudge analyses your genetic code and tells you which foods are best for you, and which you should avoid.Image: DNANudge

Shopping with your DNA

The wristband scans shop barcodes and shows a green light if a product is OK and red if it may be harmful in the long run. The wristband’s linked smartphone app suggests healthier alternatives when the red light comes on.

Following his son’s acute illness, Toumazou also invented a microchip that can read an individual’s DNA from a simple mouth swab sample. It’s now used to upload a DNA profile to the new wristband – a process that takes an hour instead of up to eight weeks for a conventional DNA test.

“We’re not telling people they can’t eat biscuits, that they should eat grapes. No, they can eat biscuits, but eat the better biscuits based upon your DNA and lifestyle,” says Toumazou.

“It’s using biology to nudge and guide you to have a healthier lifestyle in the long term.”

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Keep moving

The device also helps to promote overall health by warning if you are inactive for too long. An orange light means it’s time to get up and move about.

One in 10 people with pre-diabetes, a reversible condition, will go on to develop type 2 diabetes, which affects more than 400 million people worldwide. Early diagnosis can enable people to change their lifestyles and avoid developing the full-blown condition.

And what about Toumazou’s son Marcus? Well, his story has a happy ending. After months in dialysis he received a kidney transplant and is now in good health.

He even met the Queen at the opening of his father’s new lab in London. He told her his father was changing healthcare by making microchips for the human body.Share License and Republishing

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Douglas Broom, Senior Writer, Formative Content

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.Subscribe for updatesA weekly update of what’s on the Global Agenda

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This wristband tells you what food to buy based on your DNADouglas Broom 15 Nov 2019 These 10 countries are the best prepared to fight a pandemicNiall McCarthy · Statista 15 Nov 2019 This at-home test could change cervical cancer screeningJake Ellison · Futurity 15 Nov 2019 Making the most of our ‘extra time’ – for ourselves and societyCamilla Cavendish 15 Nov 2019 How to stay fit in your 60s and beyondJulie Broderick · The Conversation 14 Nov 2019 Female doctors are good for your health, but they experience a gender pay gap, discrimination, burnout and depressionRebecca Renkas · The Conversation 06 Nov 2019 If you want to live longer and healthier, this is why you should runŽeljko Pedišić · The Conversation 05 Nov 2019Subscribe for updatesA weekly update of what’s on the Global AgendaFollow Us AboutOur Mission Leadership and Governance Communities Our Members and Partners Globalization 4.0 The Fourth Industrial Revolution Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Our Impact History Centre for Cybersecurity Klaus Schwab Media Pictures Careers Open Forum Contact Us Strategic Intelligence World Economic Forum LLC Code of Conduct World Economic Forum Privacy Policy SustainabilityMediaNews Accreditation Subscribe to our newsMembers & PartnersMember login to TopLinkStrategic Partners’ areaPartner Institutes’ areaGlobal sitesCentre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Centre for Cybersecurity Open Forum Global Shapers Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship Strategic IntelligenceENES FR 中文日本語© 2019 World Economic ForumPrivacy Policy & Terms of Service

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Protecting Teens’ Mental Health Is A Wise Investment

The neurological pathways between the ‘lower’ emotional, pleasure-seeking and impulsive centers and the ‘higher’ cortical regions that consider alternative solutions, consequences of actions, and utilize logic and reasoning to offset emotional pressures are still in the process of formation, according to a report. Technically, the adult architecture of the brain — that is, the myelination of the neurons — is not yet fully established. So, youth still tend to be ruled by feeling, impulse, and pleasure-seeking — which really complicates decision making and behavior in highly charged situations.

The struggles teens face transitioning from the supportive, although many times highly competitive, the environment of high school to the mountainous expectations and life-altering outcomes at college can be overwhelming. These challenges often increase teen anxiety and inflame feelings of hopelessness and isolation. It is especially dangerous for students already suffering from clinical anxiety and depression. The rates of suicide ideation among college students are alarming.

The key to addressing this health care crisis is raising awareness among students, parents, professors, and staff to recognize symptoms of heightened stress and anxiety.

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Reality

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to navigation Jump to searchFor other uses, see Reality (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Realty.

Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent within a system, as opposed to that which is only imaginary. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence.^[1] In physical terms, reality is the totality of a system, known and unknown.^[2] Philosophical questions about the nature of reality or existence or being are considered under the rubric of ontology, which is a major branch of metaphysics in the Western philosophical tradition. Ontological questions also feature in diverse branches of philosophy, including the philosophy of science, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mathematics, and philosophical logic. These include questions about whether only physical objects are real (i.e., Physicalism), whether reality is fundamentally immaterial (e.g., Idealism), whether hypothetical unobservable entities posited by scientific theories exist, whether God exists, whether numbers and other abstract objects exist, and whether possible worlds exist.

Related concepts

World views and theories

Further information: World view

A common colloquial usage would have reality mean “perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes toward reality”, as in “My reality is not your reality.” This is often used just as a colloquialism indicating that the parties to a conversation agree, or should agree, not to quibble over deeply different conceptions of what is real. For example, in a religious discussion between friends, one might say (attempting humor), “You might disagree, but in my reality, everyone goes to heaven.”

Reality can be defined in a way that links it to worldviews or parts of them (conceptual frameworks): Reality is the totality of all things, structures (actual and conceptual), events (past and present) and phenomena, whether observable or not. It is what a world view (whether it be based on individual or shared human experience) ultimately attempts to describe or map.

Certain ideas from physics, philosophy, sociology, literary criticism, and other fields shape various theories of reality. One such belief is that there simply and literally is no reality beyond the perceptions or beliefs we each have about reality. Such attitudes are summarized in the popular statement, “Perception is reality” or “Life is how you perceive reality” or “reality is what you can get away with” (Robert Anton Wilson), and they indicate anti-realism – that is, the view that there is no objective reality, whether acknowledged explicitly or not.

Many of the concepts of science and philosophy are often defined culturally and socially. This idea was elaborated by Thomas Kuhn in his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962). The Social Construction of Reality, a book about the sociology of knowledge written by Peter L. Berger and Thomas Luckmann, was published in 1966. It explained how knowledge is acquired and used for the comprehension of reality. Out of all the realities, the reality of everyday life is the most important one since our consciousness requires us to be completely aware and attentive to the experience of everyday life.

Western philosophy

Philosophy addresses two different aspects of the topic of reality: the nature of reality itself, and the relationship between the mind (as well as language and culture) and reality.

On the one hand, ontology is the study of being, and the central topic of the field is couched, variously, in terms of being, existence, “what is”, and reality. The task in ontology is to describe the most general categories of reality and how they are interrelated. If a philosopher wanted to proffer a positive definition of the concept “reality”, it would be done under this heading. As explained above, some philosophers draw a distinction between reality and existence. In fact, many analytic philosophers today tend to avoid the term “real” and “reality” in discussing ontological issues. But for those who would treat “is real” the same way they treat “exists”, one of the leading questions of analytic philosophy has been whether existence (or reality) is a property of objects. It has been widely held by analytic philosophers that it is not a property at all, though this view has lost some ground in recent decades.

On the other hand, particularly in discussions of objectivity that have feet in both metaphysics and epistemology, philosophical discussions of “reality” often concern the ways in which reality is, or is not, in some way dependent upon (or, to use fashionable jargon, “constructed” out of) mental and cultural factors such as perceptions, beliefs, and other mental states, as well as cultural artifacts, such as religions and political movements, on up to the vague notion of a common cultural world view, or Weltanschauung.

The view that there is a reality independent of any beliefs, perceptions, etc., is called realism. More specifically, philosophers are given to speaking about “realism about” this and that, such as realism about universals or realism about the external world. Generally, where one can identify any class of object, the existence or essential characteristics of which is said not to depend on perceptions, beliefs, language, or any other human artifact, one can speak of “realism about” that object.

One can also speak of anti-realism about the same objects. Anti-realism is the latest in a long series of terms for views opposed to realism. Perhaps the first was idealism, so called because reality was said to be in the mind, or a product of our ideas. Berkeleyan idealism is the view, propounded by the Irish empiricist George Berkeley, that the objects of perception are actually ideas in the mind. In this view, one might be tempted to say that reality is a “mental construct”; this is not quite accurate, however, since, in Berkeley’s view, perceptual ideas are created and coordinated by God. By the 20th century, views similar to Berkeley’s were called phenomenalism. Phenomenalism differs from Berkeleyan idealism primarily in that Berkeley believed that minds, or souls, are not merely ideas nor made up of ideas, whereas varieties of phenomenalism, such as that advocated by Russell, tended to go farther to say that the mind itself is merely a collection of perceptions, memories, etc., and that there is no mind or soul over and above such mental events. Finally, anti-realism became a fashionable term for any view which held that the existence of some object depends upon the mind or cultural artifacts. The view that the so-called external world is really merely a social, or cultural, artifact, called social constructionism, is one variety of anti-realism. Cultural relativism is the view that social issues such as morality are not absolute, but at least partially cultural artifact.

A correspondence theory of knowledge about what exists claims that “true” knowledge of reality represents accurate correspondence of statements about and images of reality with the actual reality that the statements or images are attempting to represent. For example, the scientific method can verify that a statement is true based on the observable evidence that a thing exists. Many humans can point to the Rocky Mountains and say that this mountain range exists, and continues to exist even if no one is observing it or making statements about it.

Being

The nature of being is a perennial topic in metaphysics. For, instance Parmenides taught that reality was a single unchanging Being, whereas Heraclitus wrote that all things flow. The 20th century philosopher Heidegger thought previous philosophers have lost sight the question of Being (qua Being) in favour of the questions of beings (existing things), so that a return to the Parmenidean approach was needed. An ontological catalogue is an attempt to list the fundamental constituents of reality. The question of whether or not existence is a predicate has been discussed since the Early Modern period, not least in relation to the ontological argument for the existence of God. Existence, that something is, has been contrasted with essence, the question of what something is. Since existence without essence seems blank, it associated with nothingness by philosophers such as Hegel. Nihilism represents an extremely negative view of being, the absolute a positive one.

Perception

The question of direct or “naïve” realism, as opposed to indirect or “representational” realism, arises in the philosophy of perception and of mind out of the debate over the nature of conscious experience;^[3]^[4] the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes in our brain. Naïve realism is known as direct realism when developed to counter indirect or representative realism, also known as epistemological dualism,^[5] the philosophical position that our conscious experience is not of the real world itself but of an internal representation, a miniature virtual-reality replica of the world.

Timothy Leary coined the influential term Reality Tunnel, by which he means a kind of representative realism. The theory states that, with a subconscious set of mental filters formed from their beliefs and experiences, every individual interprets the same world differently, hence “Truth is in the eye of the beholder”. His ideas influenced the work of his friend Robert Anton Wilson.

Abstract objects and mathematics

The status of abstract entities, particularly numbers, is a topic of discussion in mathematics.

In the philosophy of mathematics, the best known form of realism about numbers is Platonic realism, which grants them abstract, immaterial existence. Other forms of realism identify mathematics with the concrete physical universe.

Anti-realist stances include formalism and fictionalism.

Some approaches are selectively realistic about some mathematical objects but not others. Finitism rejects infinite quantities. Ultra-finitism accepts finite quantities up to a certain amount. Constructivism and intuitionism are realistic about objects that can be explicitly constructed, but reject the use of the principle of the excluded middle to prove existence by reductio ad absurdum.

The traditional debate has focused on whether an abstract (immaterial, intelligible) realm of numbers has existed in addition to the physical (sensible, concrete) world. A recent development is the mathematical universe hypothesis, the theory that only a mathematical world exists, with the finite, physical world being an illusion within it.

An extreme form of realism about mathematics is the mathematical multiverse hypothesis advanced by Max Tegmark. Tegmark’s sole postulate is: All structures that exist mathematically also exist physically. That is, in the sense that “in those [worlds] complex enough to contain self-aware substructures [they] will subjectively perceive themselves as existing in a physically ‘real’ world”.^[6]^[7] The hypothesis suggests that worlds corresponding to different sets of initial conditions, physical constants, or altogether different equations should be considered real. The theory can be considered a form of Platonism in that it posits the existence of mathematical entities, but can also be considered a mathematical monism in that it denies that anything exists except mathematical objects.

Properties

Main article: Problem of universals

The problem of universals is an ancient problem in metaphysics about whether universals exist. Universals are general or abstract qualities, characteristics, properties, kinds or relations, such as being male/female, solid/liquid/gas or a certain colour,^[8] that can be predicated of individuals or particulars or that individuals or particulars can be regarded as sharing or participating in. For example, Scott, Pat, and Chris have in common the universal quality of being human or humanity.

The realist school claims that universals are real – they exist and are distinct from the particulars that instantiate them. There are various forms of realism. Two major forms are Platonic realism and Aristotelian realism.^[9] Platonic realism is the view that universals are real entities and they exist independent of particulars. Aristotelian realism, on the other hand, is the view that universals are real entities, but their existence is dependent on the particulars that exemplify them.

Nominalism and conceptualism are the main forms of anti-realism about universals.

Time and space

Main article: Philosophy of space and time

A traditional realist position in ontology is that time and space have existence apart from the human mind. Idealists deny or doubt the existence of objects independent of the mind. Some anti-realists whose ontological position is that objects outside the mind do exist, nevertheless doubt the independent existence of time and space.

Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds rather that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real, i.e. not mere illusions.

Idealist writers such as J. M. E. McTaggart in The Unreality of Time have argued that time is an illusion.

As well as differing about the reality of time as a whole, metaphysical theories of time can differ in their ascriptions of reality to the past, present and future separately.

Presentism holds that the past and future are unreal, and only an ever-changing present is real.
The block universe theory, also known as Eternalism, holds that past, present and future are all real, but the passage of time is an illusion. It is often said to have a scientific basis in relativity.
The growing block universe theory holds that past and present are real, but the future is not.

Time, and the related concepts of process and evolution are central to the system-building metaphysics of A. N. Whitehead and Charles Hartshorne.

Possible worlds

The term “possible world” goes back to Leibniz’s theory of possible worlds, used to analyse necessity, possibility, and similar modal notions. Modal realism is the view, notably propounded by David Kellogg Lewis, that all possible worlds are as real as the actual world. In short: the actual world is regarded as merely one among an infinite set of logically possible worlds, some “nearer” to the actual world and some more remote. Other theorists may use the Possible World framework to express and explore problems without committing to it ontologically. Possible world theory is related to alethic logic: a proposition is necessary if it is true in all possible worlds, and possible if it is true in at least one. The many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics is a similar idea in science.

Theories of everything (TOE) and philosophy

Main article: Theory of everything (philosophy)

The philosophical implications of a physical TOE are frequently debated. For example, if philosophical physicalism is true, a physical TOE will coincide with a philosophical theory of everything.

The “system building” style of metaphysics attempts to answer all the important questions in a coherent way, providing a complete picture of the world. Plato and Aristotle could be said to be early examples of comprehensive systems. In the early modern period (17th and 18th centuries), the system-building scope of philosophy is often linked to the rationalist method of philosophy, that is the technique of deducing the nature of the world by pure a priori reason. Examples from the early modern period include the Leibniz‘s Monadology, Descartes‘s Dualism, Spinoza‘s Monism. Hegel‘s Absolute idealism and Whitehead‘s Process philosophy were later systems.

Other philosophers do not believe its techniques can aim so high. Some scientists think a more mathematical approach than philosophy is needed for a TOE, for instance Stephen Hawking wrote in A Brief History of Time that even if we had a TOE, it would necessarily be a set of equations. He wrote, “What is it that breathes fire into the equations and makes a universe for them to describe?”^[10]

Phenomenological reality

On a much broader and more subjective level,^[specify] private experiences, curiosity, inquiry, and the selectivity involved in personal interpretation of events shapes reality as seen by one and only one individual ^[11] and hence is called phenomenological. While this form of reality might be common to others as well, it could at times also be so unique to oneself as to never be experienced or agreed upon by anyone else. Much of the kind of experience deemed spiritual occurs on this level of reality.

Phenomenology is a philosophical method developed in the early years of the twentieth century by Edmund Husserl and a circle of followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany. Subsequently, phenomenological themes were taken up by philosophers in France, the United States, and elsewhere, often in contexts far removed from Husserl’s work.

The word phenomenology comes from the Greek phainómenon, meaning “that which appears”, and lógos, meaning “study”. In Husserl’s conception, phenomenology is primarily concerned with making the structures of consciousness, and the phenomena which appear in acts of consciousness, objects of systematic reflection and analysis. Such reflection was to take place from a highly modified “first person” viewpoint, studying phenomena not as they appear to “my” consciousness, but to any consciousness whatsoever. Husserl believed that phenomenology could thus provide a firm basis for all human knowledge, including scientific knowledge, and could establish philosophy as a “rigorous science”.^[12]

Husserl’s conception of phenomenology has been criticised and developed not only by himself, but also by his student and assistant Martin Heidegger, by existentialists, such as Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Paul Sartre, and by other philosophers, such as Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, and Dietrich von Hildebrand.^[13]

Skeptical hypotheses

A brain in a vat that believes it is walking

Skeptical hypotheses in philosophy suggest that reality is very different from what we think it is; or at least that we cannot prove it is not. Examples include:

The “Brain in a vat” hypothesis is cast in scientific terms. It supposes that one might be a disembodied brain kept alive in a vat, and fed false sensory signals, by a mad scientist. This is a premise of the film series, Matrix hypothesis.
The “Dream argument” of Descartes and Zhuangzi supposes reality to be indistinguishable from a dream.
Descartes’ Evil demon is a being “as clever and deceitful as he is powerful, who has directed his entire effort to misleading me.”
The five minute hypothesis (or omphalos hypothesis or Last Thursdayism) suggests that the world was created recently together with records and traces indicating a greater age.
The Matrix hypothesis or Simulated reality hypothesis suggest that we might be inside a computer simulation or virtual reality.

Jain philosophy

Main article: Tattva (Jainism)

Jain philosophy postulates that seven tattva (truths or fundamental principles) constitute reality.^[14] These seven tattva are:^[15]

Jīva – The soul which is characterized by consciousness.
Ajīva – The non-soul.
Asrava – Influx of karma.
Bandha – The bondage of karma.
Samvara – Obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.
Nirjara – Shedding of karmas.
Moksha – Liberation or Salvation, i.e. the complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul).

Physical sciences

Scientific realism

Scientific realism is, at the most general level, the view that the world described by science (perhaps ideal science) is the real world, as it is, independent of what we might take it to be. Within philosophy of science, it is often framed as an answer to the question “how is the success of science to be explained?” The debate over what the success of science involves centers primarily on the status of entities that are not directly observable discussed by scientific theories. Generally, those who are scientific realists state that one can make reliable claims about these entities (viz., that they have the same ontological status) as directly observable entities, as opposed to instrumentalism. The most used and studied scientific theories today state more or less the truth.

Realism and locality in physics

Realism in the sense used by physicists does not equate to realism in metaphysics.^[16] The latter is the claim that the world is mind-independent: that even if the results of a measurement do not pre-exist the act of measurement, that does not require that they are the creation of the observer. Furthermore, a mind-independent property does not have to be the value of some physical variable such as position or momentum. A property can be dispositional (or potential), i.e. it can be a tendency: in the way that glass objects tend to break, or are disposed to break, even if they do not actually break. Likewise, the mind-independent properties of quantum systems could consist of a tendency to respond to particular measurements with particular values with ascertainable probability.^[17] Such an ontology would be metaphysically realistic, without being realistic in the physicist’s sense of “local realism” (which would require that a single value be produced with certainty).

A closely related term is counterfactual definiteness (CFD), used to refer to the claim that one can meaningfully speak of the definiteness of results of measurements that have not been performed (i.e. the ability to assume the existence of objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not been measured).

Local realism is a significant feature of classical mechanics, of general relativity, and of electrodynamics; but quantum mechanics has shown that quantum entanglement is possible. This was rejected by Einstein, who proposed the EPR paradox, but it was subsequently quantified by Bell’s inequalities.^[18] If Bell’s inequalities are violated, either local realism or counterfactual definiteness must be incorrect; but some physicists dispute that experiments have demonstrated Bell’s violations, on the grounds that the sub-class of inhomogeneous Bell inequalities has not been tested or due to experimental limitations in the tests. Different interpretations of quantum mechanics violate different parts of local realism and/or counterfactual definiteness.

Role of the observer in quantum mechanics

Multiverse

The multiverse is the hypothetical set of multiple possible universes (including the historical universe we consistently experience) that together comprise everything that exists: the entirety of space, time, matter, and energy as well as the physical laws and constants that describe them. The term was coined in 1895 by the American philosopher and psychologist William James.^[21] In the many-worlds interpretation (MWI), one of the mainstream interpretations of quantum mechanics, there are an infinite number of universes and every possible quantum outcome occurs in at least one universe.

The structure of the multiverse, the nature of each universe within it and the relationship between the various constituent universes, depend on the specific multiverse hypothesis considered. Multiverses have been hypothesized in cosmology, physics, astronomy, religion, philosophy, transpersonal psychology and fiction, particularly in science fiction and fantasy. In these contexts, parallel universes are also called “alternative universes”, “quantum universes”, “interpenetrating dimensions”, “parallel dimensions”, “parallel worlds”, “alternative realities”, “alternative timelines”, and “dimensional planes”, among others.

Scientific theories of everything

A theory of everything (TOE) is a putative theory of theoretical physics that fully explains and links together all known physical phenomena, and predicts the outcome of any experiment that could be carried out in principle. The theory of everything is also called the final theory.^[22] Many candidate theories of everything have been proposed by theoretical physicists during the twentieth century, but none have been confirmed experimentally. The primary problem in producing a TOE is that general relativity and quantum mechanics are hard to unify. This is one of the unsolved problems in physics.

Initially, the term “theory of everything” was used with an ironic connotation to refer to various overgeneralized theories. For example, a great-grandfather of Ijon Tichy, a character from a cycle of Stanisław Lem‘s science fiction stories of the 1960s, was known to work on the “General Theory of Everything”. Physicist John Ellis^[23] claims to have introduced the term into the technical literature in an article in Nature in 1986.^[24] Over time, the term stuck in popularizations of quantum physics to describe a theory that would unify or explain through a single model the theories of all fundamental interactions and of all particles of nature: general relativity for gravitation, and the standard model of elementary particle physics – which includes quantum mechanics – for electromagnetism, the two nuclear interactions, and the known elementary particles.

Current candidates for a theory of everything include string theory, M theory, and loop quantum gravity.

Technology

Virtual reality and cyberspace

Virtual reality (VR) is a computer-simulated environment that can simulate physical presence in places in the real world, as well as in imaginary worlds.Reality-Virtuality Continuum.

The Virtuality Continuum is a continuous scale ranging between the completely virtual, a Virtuality, and the completely real: Reality. The reality-virtuality continuum therefore encompasses all possible variations and compositions of real and virtual objects. It has been described as a concept in new media and computer science, but in fact it could be considered a matter of anthropology. The concept was first introduced by Paul Milgram.^[25]

The area between the two extremes, where both the real and the virtual are mixed, is the so-called Mixed reality. This in turn is said to consist of both Augmented Reality, where the virtual augments the real, and Augmented virtuality, where the real augments the virtual. Cyberspace, the world’s computer systems considered as an interconnected whole, can be thought of as a virtual reality; for instance, it is portrayed as such in the cyberpunk fiction of William Gibson and others. Second life and MMORPGs such as World of Warcraft are examples of artificial environments or virtual worlds (falling some way short of full virtual reality) in cyberspace.

“RL” in internet culture

On the Internet, “real life” refers to life in the real world. It generally references life or consensus reality, in contrast to an environment seen as fiction or fantasy, such as virtual reality, lifelike experience, dreams, novels, or movies. Online, the acronym “IRL” stands for “in real life”, with the meaning “not on the Internet”.^[26] Sociologists engaged in the study of the Internet have determined that someday, a distinction between online and real-life worlds may seem “quaint”, noting that certain types of online activity, such as sexual intrigues, have already made a full transition to complete legitimacy and “reality”.^[27] The abbreviation “RL” stands for “real life”. For example, one can speak of “meeting in RL” someone whom one has met in a chat or on an Internet forum. It may also be used to express an inability to use the Internet for a time due to “RL problems”.

Notes

^ “reality | Definition of reality in English by Oxford Dictionaries”. Oxford Dictionaries | English. Retrieved 2017-10-28.
^ Saridakis E. (2016). “Information, reality, and modern physics”. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science. 30: 327–341.
^ Lehar, Steve. (2000). The Function of Conscious Experience: An Analogical Paradigm of Perception and Behavior, Consciousness and Cognition.
^ Lehar, Steve. (2000). Naïve Realism in Contemporary Philosophy Archived 2012-08-11 at the Wayback Machine, The Function of Conscious Experience.
^ Lehar, Steve. Representationalism Archived 2012-09-05 at the Wayback Machine
^ Tegmark, Max (February 2008). “The Mathematical Universe”. Foundations of Physics. 38 (2): 101–150. arXiv:0704.0646. Bibcode:2008FoPh…38..101T. doi:10.1007/s10701-007-9186-9.
^ Tegmark (1998), p. 1.
^ Loux (2001), p. 4
^ Price (1953), among others, sometimes uses such Latin terms
^ as quoted in [Artigas, The Mind of the Universe, p.123]
^ Present-time consciousness Francisco J. Varela Journal of Consciousness Studies 6 (2-3):111-140 (1999)
^ Joseph Kockelmans (2001). Edmund Husserl’s phenomenology(2 ed.). Purdue University Press. pp. 311–314. ISBN 1-55753-050-5.
^ Steven Galt Crowell (2001). Husserl, Heidegger, and the space of meaning: paths toward transcendental phenomenology. Northwestern University Press. p. 160. ISBN 0-8101-1805-X.
^ S.A. Jain 1992, p. 6.
^ S.A. Jain 1992, p. 7.
^ Norsen, Travis (26 February 2007). “Against `Realism'”. Foundations of Physics. 37 (3): 311–340. arXiv:quant-ph/0607057. Bibcode:2007FoPh…37..311N. doi:10.1007/s10701-007-9104-1.
^ Thompson, Ian. “Generative Science”. http://www.generativescience.org.
^ “Local realism and the crucial experiment”. bendov.info.
^ Juan Miguel Marin (2009). “‘Mysticism’ in quantum mechanics: the forgotten controversy”. European Journal of Physics. 30 (4): 807–822. Bibcode:2009EJPh…30..807M. doi:10.1088/0143-0807/30/4/014. link, summarized here [1] Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ John Honner (2005). “Niels Bohr and the Mysticism of Nature”. Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science. 17–3: 243–253.
^ James, William, The Will to Believe, 1895; and earlier in 1895, as cited in OED‘s new 2003 entry for “multiverse”: “1895 W. JAMES in Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 6 10 Visible nature is all plasticity and indifference, a multiverse, as one might call it, and not a universe.”
^ Weinberg (1993)
^ Ellis, John (2002). “Physics gets physical (correspondence)”. Nature. 415 (6875): 957. Bibcode:2002Natur.415..957E. doi:10.1038/415957b. PMID 11875539.
^ Ellis, John (1986). “The Superstring: Theory of Everything, or of Nothing?”. Nature. 323 (6089): 595–598. Bibcode:1986Natur.323..595E. doi:10.1038/323595a0.
^ Milgram, Paul; H. Takemura; A. Utsumi; F. Kishino (1994). “Augmented Reality: A class of displays on the reality-virtuality continuum” (PDF). Proceedings of Telemanipulator and Telepresence Technologies. pp. 2351–34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-04. Retrieved 2007-03-15.
^ “AcronymFinder.com search for IRL”.
^ Don Slater (2002). “Social Relationships and Identity On-line and Off-line”. In Leah, Sonia, Lievrouw, and Livingstone (eds.). Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs. Sage Publications Inc. pp. 533–543. ISBN 0-7619-6510-6.

References

Berger, Peter L.; Luckmann, Thomas (1966). The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York: Anchor Books. pp. 21–22.
Jain, S. A. (1992). Reality. Jwalamalini Trust. Archived from the original on 2015. Not in Copyright

External links

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Simulated reality

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Simulation hypothesis

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Simulation hypothesis[edit]

Ancestor simulation[edit]

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Arguments, within the trilemma, against the simulation hypothesis[edit]

Consequences of living in a simulation[edit]

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